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Fundementals In Genetics And Evolution > Week 7 - Regulation Of Gene Expression > Flashcards

Week 7 - Regulation Of Gene Expression Flashcards

1
Q

What is gene expression?

A

Control at multiple steps

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2
Q

Define an operon.

A

A functioning unit of genomic DNA containing a cluster of genes under the control of a single promoter

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3
Q

What is the function of the E. coli lac operon?

A

Control of gene expression for efficient substrate use

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4
Q

What induces the synthesis of enzymes for lactose metabolism in E. coli?

A

Presence of lactose

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5
Q

How is the lac operon expression inhibited?

A

By a repressor protein

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6
Q

What is the role of allolactose in the lac operon?

A

Binds to repressor protein and blocks its action

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7
Q

What type of expression system is the lac operon an example of?

A

Inducible expression system

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8
Q

What is the function of the trp operon?

A

Codes for genes responsible for synthesis of amino acid tryptophan

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9
Q

What happens to the trp operon when tryptophan levels are low?

A

Repressor is inactive, operon expressed, tryptophan synthesized

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10
Q

What happens to the trp operon when tryptophan levels are high?

A

Tryptophan binds to repressor, operon expression inhibited

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11
Q

What are regulatory transcription factors (TFs)?

A

Proteins that activate or inhibit transcription

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12
Q

What is the difference between transcriptional activators and repressors?

A

Activators promote transcription, repressors inhibit transcription

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13
Q

What is chromatin remodeling?

A

Alteration of chromatin structure to regulate transcriptional activity

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14
Q

What is euchromatin?

A

Open chromatin structure that is transcriptionally active

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15
Q

What is heterochromatin?

A

Condensed chromatin that is normally transcriptionally silent

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16
Q

What role do histone modifying enzymes play?

A

Catalyze histone modifications that affect chromatin structure

17
Q

How does acetylation affect transcriptional activity?

A

Tends to increase transcriptional activity

18
Q

What is DNA methylation?

A

Addition of methyl groups to DNA, typically resulting in transcriptional silencing

19
Q

What is alternative splicing?

A

Process by which genes can encode more than one protein through different mRNA transcripts

20
Q

What is the role of translation initiation factors?

A

Mediates the process of translation initiation

21
Q

What is the function of micro RNAs (miRNAs)?

A

Regulate gene expression by binding to target mRNAs and inhibiting translation

22
Q

What happens to translation initiation in low iron levels?

A

IRP binds to IRE, interferes with translation initiation

23
Q

What is the action of eIF2 in translation regulation?

A

Active eIF2-GTP escorts initiator Met-tRNA to ribosome

24
Q

What occurs when growth factors stimulate 4E-BPs?

A

Phosphorylation of 4E-BPs dissociates them from eIF4E, allowing translation to proceed

25
Q

What initiates mRNA degradation in eukaryotes?

A

Deadenylation of the poly-A tail followed by exonuclease digestion

26
Q

What are AU-rich elements (AREs)?

A

Sequences in mRNA that serve as binding sites for RNA-binding proteins (RBPs)

27
Q

In prokaryotes, what is the typical half-life of mRNA?

A

Minutes

28
Q

What is the primary role of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs)?

A

Influence mRNA fate by binding to regulatory sequences

29
Q

What is the key outcome of transcriptional control in eukaryotes?

A

Gene expression is chiefly controlled by transcription factors and chromatin remodeling

30
Q

What is the title of the book authored by Alberts et al. in its 6th edition?

A

Molecular Biology of the Cell

Published by Garland Science in 2015

31
Q

What is the URL for the online resource provided by the DNA Learning Centre?

A

http://www.dnalc.org/

This is a Cold Spring Harbor online DNA learning resource

32
Q

What is the focus of the ‘DNA from the Beginning’ resource?

A

An animated primer of 75 experiments that made modern genetics

This resource helps in understanding fundamental concepts in genetics

33
Q

What type of content does Bozeman Science provide?

A

Basic video tutorial on Transcription and translation

Includes educational resources for molecular biology

34
Q

Fill in the blank: The 6th edition of ‘Molecular Biology of the Cell’ was published by _______.

A

Garland Science

35
Q

True or False: The DNA Learning Centre is a resource for learning about RNA synthesis.

A

False

The DNA Learning Centre focuses on DNA and genetics, not specifically on RNA synthesis.

36
Q

List the online resources mentioned for molecular biology education.

A
  • DNA Learning Centre
  • DNA from the Beginning
  • Bozeman Science

Fundementals In Genetics And Evolution (12 decks)

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