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Fundementals In Genetics And Evolution > Week 3- Genes And Genomes > Flashcards

Week 3- Genes And Genomes Flashcards

1
Q

What percentage of DNA is coding DNA?

A

~ 1.5% of DNA is coding DNA

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2
Q

What constitutes the remaining ~ 98.5% of DNA?

A

Non-coding DNA, which includes functionally important elements like enhancers and promoters, as well as genes that produce RNAs such as ribosomal and transfer RNAs

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3
Q

What are the components of a eukaryotic gene?

A

Coding exons separated by non-coding introns

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4
Q

What is the function of spliceosomes?

A

Perform RNA splicing

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5
Q

What is a characteristic of ~ 10% of protein-coding genes?

A

They have a single exon that does not undergo splicing

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6
Q

What process generates haploid gametes from diploid parents?

A

Meiosis

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7
Q

What happens during crossing over in meiosis?

A

Homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material

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8
Q

What is the result of meiosis II in primary spermatozoa?

A

It gives rise to haploid secondary spermatozoa, generating unique genetic combinations

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9
Q

What are genes considered in genetics?

A

Hereditary ‘units’

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10
Q

What are alleles?

A

Different versions of a gene, such as R and r for a specific trait

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11
Q

What is the significance of the lacZ gene in E. coli?

A

It produces the enzyme beta-galactosidase when lactose is present

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12
Q

What role does the repressor protein play in gene expression?

A

It binds to the promoter region of the lacZ gene, blocking RNA polymerase from transcribing the gene

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13
Q

What occurs when the repressor protein binds to lactose?

A

It changes conformation and detaches from the promoter, allowing transcription to proceed

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14
Q

What elements are necessary for a transgene to function properly in a new organism?

A

A promoter sequence and a terminator sequence

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15
Q

What is the most common promoter element used in genetically modified organisms?

A

CaMV35S promoter derived from the cauliflower mosaic virus

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16
Q

What is the purpose of PCR in DNA analysis?

A

To amplify host DNA for observation

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17
Q

What happens to DNA when heated to around 95°C?

A

The hydrogen bonds between complementary bases break

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18
Q

What is the role of cytokinesis in meiosis?

A

It segregates the two chromosome sets into different germ cells

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19
Q

Fill in the blank: Genes are hereditary ‘units’ that lead to _____ being inherited.

A

phenotype

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20
Q

True or False: All life shares DNA as a hereditary molecule.

A

True

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21
Q

What is required to synthesize new strands of DNA from template strands?

A

Primers are required that are short sequences of DNA complementary to the base sequences either side of the region of interest.

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22
Q

What is the forward primer sequence in the given DNA synthesis process?

A

5’ – CGATCTGATATGCC – 3’

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23
Q

What is the reverse primer sequence in the given DNA synthesis process?

A

5’ – AGACAGACAGGATA – 3’

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24
Q

What temperature needs to be achieved for primers to anneal to their complementary bases?

A

The temperature needs to cool down from 95°C to around 5°C.

25
Q

What are the free dinucleotide triphosphate molecules needed for DNA synthesis?

A

dATP, dGTP, dCTP, and dTTP molecules.

26
Q

Which polymerase enzyme is mentioned for DNA synthesis?

A

Taq polymerase.

27
Q

What is the optimal temperature for the polymerase enzyme to extend the primers?

A

The optimal temperature is 72°C.

28
Q

What happens at the end of one cycle of the DNA synthesis process?

A

Two newly synthesised, complementary strands have been added.

29
Q

What is the initial template strand count before repeating the DNA synthesis cycle?

A

4 template strands.

30
Q

At what temperature should the double helix be heated to denature during the DNA synthesis process?

A

Heat up to 95°C.

31
Q

Fill in the blank: To synthesize new strands of DNA, short sequences of DNA called _______ are required.

A

primers

32
Q

True or False: The forward primer sequence is 5’ – AGACAGACAGGATA – 3’.

A

False

33
Q

What is the purpose of ligating free dinucleotide triphosphate molecules?

A

To attach them to the 3’ (-OH) end of the primers.

34
Q

What is the process of cooling the temperature to allow primers to anneal called?

A

Annealing.

35
Q

What is the result of the polymerase enzyme’s action during DNA synthesis?

A

It extends the primers.

36
Q

What are the two stages of temperature changes during the DNA synthesis cycle?

A

Denaturation and annealing.

37
Q

What does PCR stand for?

A

Polymerase Chain Reaction

38
Q

What is the purpose of PCR?

A

To amplify DNA sequences

39
Q

What is the first step in the PCR process?

A

Denaturation at high temperature

40
Q

At what temperature does denaturation occur in PCR?

A

Approximately 94-98°C

41
Q

What happens during the annealing step of PCR?

A

Primers bind to the DNA template

42
Q

At what temperature does the annealing step typically occur?

A

Around 50-65°C

43
Q

What is the role of primers in PCR?

A

To initiate DNA synthesis

44
Q

What is the temperature range for the extension step in PCR?

A

72°C

45
Q

What enzyme is primarily used in the extension step of PCR?

A

DNA polymerase

46
Q

What is the significance of the temperature 72°C in PCR?

A

Optimizes temperature for polymerase enzyme activity

47
Q

True or False: The quantity of DNA sequences doubles with each cycle of PCR.

A

True

48
Q

Fill in the blank: The DNA can be dyed and run out on an _______.

A

agarose gel

49
Q

What is the typical room temperature for PCR setup?

A

Room temperature

50
Q

What are the three main steps of a single PCR cycle?

A
  • Denaturation
  • Annealing
  • Extension
51
Q

What is the function of the PCR process in molecular biology?

A

To create millions of copies of a specific DNA segment

52
Q

What happens to the DNA template number after each PCR cycle?

A

It increases exponentially

53
Q

What is the significance of cooling to 5°C in PCR?

A

Allows primers to anneal to the DNA template

54
Q

What is the function of the denaturation step in PCR?

A

To separate the double-stranded DNA

55
Q

What is the temperature during the annealing phase?

A

Cool to approximately 55-65°C

56
Q

Fill in the blank: The sequence of DNA is complementary to the _______.

A

template strand

57
Q

What is the role of agarose gel in DNA analysis?

A

To visualize DNA after amplification

58
Q

What happens to the amplification efficiency of DNA in PCR?

A

It is not strictly exponential due to various factors

59
Q

Fill in the blank: The DNA sequence is synthesized in the _______ direction.

A

5’ to 3’

Fundementals In Genetics And Evolution (6 decks)

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