Week 11 - GMO And Linkage Disequalibrium Flashcards
What is the purpose of testing genetically modified (GM) crops?
To identify potential health and environmental risks.
What percentage of GM content in foods requires labeling in Europe and Asia?
> 1%
What two GMO-associated sequences does the GMO Investigator kit test for?
- 35S promoter of the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV 35S)
- Terminator of the nopaline synthase (NOS) gene of Agrobacterium tumefaciens
What are the two possible outcomes of a PCR test?
- Successful PCR (+ve outcome)
- Unsuccessful PCR (-ve outcome)
What does a +ve outcome indicate when testing for the integrity of plant DNA?
Plant DNA is present.
What does a -ve result indicate when testing the integrity of plant DNA?
Either plant DNA is degraded or something went wrong with PCR.
What does a +ve result indicate when testing for contamination using a non-GMO food control?
Presence of contamination.
What is the aim of the practical using the Biotechnology Explorer GMO Investigator Kit?
To test foods or animal feed to identify which contain GM genomes using PCR.
In the DNA extraction process, what is added to the screwcap tubes?
500uL of InstaGene.
What is the purpose of the master mix in PCR?
To provide necessary components for the PCR reaction.
What does the Plant MM in the PCR setup contain?
Photosystem II chloroplast gene primers.
What does the GMO MM in the PCR setup test for?
35S promoter and NOS terminator primers.
How are haplotypes shuffled each generation?
Through genetic recombination.
What is the significance of the distance between SNPs in recombination?
If SNPs are far apart, there are lots of recombinants; if close, few recombinants.
What does linkage disequilibrium (D) indicate?
Two genes are linked and do not behave as randomly unlinked alleles.
What happens during meiosis with respect to recombination?
Recombination events can occur, leading to non-recombinant and recombinant chromosomes.
Fill in the blank: Haplotype refers to _______.
[local combinations of genetic polymorphisms that tend to be co-inherited]
True or False: The farther apart two genes are, the fewer recombinant chromosomes you will see.
False.
What is the outcome when two genes are physically close together during meiosis?
They are said to be linked.
What is indicated by a +ve result when amplifying the 35S promoter?
PCR is working.
What is the expected result when testing a non-GMO food control DNA with GMO MM?
-ve result (it shouldn’t work).
What is the first step in the practical for DNA extraction from foods?
Select one food to test.
What is the volume of distilled water to be added for every gram of food?
5ml.
What equipment is used to centrifuge the tubes during DNA extraction?
Centrifuge.
What is the process called that involves the division of a cell to produce gametes?
Meiosis
Meiosis is essential for sexual reproduction in organisms.
In genetics, what term describes genes that are located physically close together on a chromosome?
Linked
Linked genes tend to be inherited together.
What happens to the likelihood of recombinant chromosomes as genes become farther apart?
Increases
The farther apart the genes, the more recombinant chromosomes you see in the offspring.
If two genes are close together, what is the effect on recombinant chromosomes in offspring?
Fewer
Close genes result in fewer recombinant chromosomes due to reduced crossing-over events.
Which hair color is dominant: blond or brown?
Brown
Brown hair is dominant over blond hair.
Which eye color is dominant: blue or brown?
Brown
Brown eyes are dominant over blue eyes.
Fill in the blank: The closer the genes are, the ________ recombinant chromosomes you see.
Fewer
True or False: Blond hair is dominant to brown hair.
False
Brown hair is dominant to blond hair.
List the dominant traits discussed in the content.
- Brown hair
- Brown eyes
Dominant traits overshadow their recessive counterparts.
List the recessive traits discussed in the content.
- Blond hair
- Blue eyes
Recessive traits are expressed only when two copies are present.
