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Fundementals In Genetics And Evolution > Week 11 - GMO And Linkage Disequalibrium > Flashcards

Week 11 - GMO And Linkage Disequalibrium Flashcards

1
Q

What is the purpose of testing genetically modified (GM) crops?

A

To identify potential health and environmental risks.

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2
Q

What percentage of GM content in foods requires labeling in Europe and Asia?

A

> 1%

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3
Q

What two GMO-associated sequences does the GMO Investigator kit test for?

A
  • 35S promoter of the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV 35S)
  • Terminator of the nopaline synthase (NOS) gene of Agrobacterium tumefaciens
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4
Q

What are the two possible outcomes of a PCR test?

A
  • Successful PCR (+ve outcome)
  • Unsuccessful PCR (-ve outcome)
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5
Q

What does a +ve outcome indicate when testing for the integrity of plant DNA?

A

Plant DNA is present.

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6
Q

What does a -ve result indicate when testing the integrity of plant DNA?

A

Either plant DNA is degraded or something went wrong with PCR.

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7
Q

What does a +ve result indicate when testing for contamination using a non-GMO food control?

A

Presence of contamination.

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8
Q

What is the aim of the practical using the Biotechnology Explorer GMO Investigator Kit?

A

To test foods or animal feed to identify which contain GM genomes using PCR.

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9
Q

In the DNA extraction process, what is added to the screwcap tubes?

A

500uL of InstaGene.

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10
Q

What is the purpose of the master mix in PCR?

A

To provide necessary components for the PCR reaction.

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11
Q

What does the Plant MM in the PCR setup contain?

A

Photosystem II chloroplast gene primers.

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12
Q

What does the GMO MM in the PCR setup test for?

A

35S promoter and NOS terminator primers.

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13
Q

How are haplotypes shuffled each generation?

A

Through genetic recombination.

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14
Q

What is the significance of the distance between SNPs in recombination?

A

If SNPs are far apart, there are lots of recombinants; if close, few recombinants.

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15
Q

What does linkage disequilibrium (D) indicate?

A

Two genes are linked and do not behave as randomly unlinked alleles.

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16
Q

What happens during meiosis with respect to recombination?

A

Recombination events can occur, leading to non-recombinant and recombinant chromosomes.

17
Q

Fill in the blank: Haplotype refers to _______.

A

[local combinations of genetic polymorphisms that tend to be co-inherited]

18
Q

True or False: The farther apart two genes are, the fewer recombinant chromosomes you will see.

A

False.

19
Q

What is the outcome when two genes are physically close together during meiosis?

A

They are said to be linked.

20
Q

What is indicated by a +ve result when amplifying the 35S promoter?

A

PCR is working.

21
Q

What is the expected result when testing a non-GMO food control DNA with GMO MM?

A

-ve result (it shouldn’t work).

22
Q

What is the first step in the practical for DNA extraction from foods?

A

Select one food to test.

23
Q

What is the volume of distilled water to be added for every gram of food?

A

5ml.

24
Q

What equipment is used to centrifuge the tubes during DNA extraction?

A

Centrifuge.

25
Q

What is the process called that involves the division of a cell to produce gametes?

A

Meiosis

Meiosis is essential for sexual reproduction in organisms.

26
Q

In genetics, what term describes genes that are located physically close together on a chromosome?

A

Linked

Linked genes tend to be inherited together.

27
Q

What happens to the likelihood of recombinant chromosomes as genes become farther apart?

A

Increases

The farther apart the genes, the more recombinant chromosomes you see in the offspring.

28
Q

If two genes are close together, what is the effect on recombinant chromosomes in offspring?

A

Fewer

Close genes result in fewer recombinant chromosomes due to reduced crossing-over events.

29
Q

Which hair color is dominant: blond or brown?

A

Brown

Brown hair is dominant over blond hair.

30
Q

Which eye color is dominant: blue or brown?

A

Brown

Brown eyes are dominant over blue eyes.

31
Q

Fill in the blank: The closer the genes are, the ________ recombinant chromosomes you see.

A

Fewer

32
Q

True or False: Blond hair is dominant to brown hair.

A

False

Brown hair is dominant to blond hair.

33
Q

List the dominant traits discussed in the content.

A
  • Brown hair
  • Brown eyes

Dominant traits overshadow their recessive counterparts.

34
Q

List the recessive traits discussed in the content.

A
  • Blond hair
  • Blue eyes

Recessive traits are expressed only when two copies are present.

Fundementals In Genetics And Evolution (12 decks)

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