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CYTO > Week 7: Model Organisms > Flashcards

Week 7: Model Organisms Flashcards

1
Q

Organisms (non-human species) used for the study of biological processes.

A

Model Organism

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2
Q

Show facts or principles that are relevant to an entire domain of life.

A

Model Organism

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3
Q

Characteristics of model organisms?

A
  • small for easy storage
  • have short generation time
  • easy to work with in large numbers
  • cheap to maintain
  • produce many offspring
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4
Q

Used to study genome of human diseases.

A

Model Organism

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5
Q

It is the classical model of molecular biology.

A

Escherichia coli

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6
Q

Escherichia coli divides every?

A

20 minutes

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7
Q

Why does E. coli have an easy storage?

A

Because it is only placed in a petri dish

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8
Q

It is used to study transcription, translation, recombination, DNA repair and gene regulation

A

Prokaryotes (Bacteria)

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9
Q

Prokaryotes (Bacteria) is used to study?

A
  • transcription
  • translation
  • recombination
  • DNA repair
  • gene regulation
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10
Q

It was the first eukaryote genome to be fully sequenced.

A

Baker’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)

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11
Q

Scientific name of Baker’s yeast?

A

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

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12
Q

General term for Saccharomyces cerevisiae?

A

Baker’s yeast

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13
Q

Yeast is a type of?

A

Fungi

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14
Q

Yeasts are useful organisms for the study of?

A

basic eukaryotic phenomena

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15
Q

Chief limitation of yeast?

A

lack of distinct tissues

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16
Q

Caenorhabditis elegans was chosen as a model organism for its?

A
  • simplicity and experimental tractability
  • initial interest in the development of the nervous system
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17
Q

First multicellular organism with its complete genome sequenced.

A

Caenorhabditis elegans

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18
Q

Caenorhabditis elegans is a?

A

non-parasitic nematode (roundworm)

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19
Q

_________ have led to the molecular identification of many genes in developmental and cell biological processes.

A

Forward and reverse genetics

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20
Q

Genetics wherein the phenotype is figured first then we look for the gene responsible after.

A

Forward genetics

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21
Q

Genetics wherein the gene is discovered first before its function.

A

Reverse genetics

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22
Q

A technique for reverse genetics in which silencing the gene is performed.

A

Gene knockout/gene knockdown

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23
Q

It is transparent so individual cells are easily visualized.

A

Caenorhabditis elegans

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24
Q

It is a model used to study several human diseases.

A

Drosophila melanogaster

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25
Q

Scientific name of the fruit fly?

A

Drosophila melanogaster

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26
Q

General term of Drosophila melanogaster?

A

Fruit Fly

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27
Q

Extensively used in biomedical research.

A

Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit Fly)

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28
Q

Mutant genes identified in the _______ that produce abnormalities of the nervous system have been found to have human counterparts.

A

fruit fly

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29
Q

Utilized for the transfer of mutant human disease genes using recombinant DNA technology.

A

Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit Fly)

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30
Q

What makes the fruit fly a good model organism?

A
  • manipulability of its genetic system
  • its comparable biological complexity to mammals
31
Q

Drosophila melanogaster (Fruit Fly) provided new insights into?

A
  • cancer
  • neurodegenerative diseases
  • behavior
  • immunity
  • aging
  • development
32
Q

Scientific name of Zebrafish?

A

Danio rerio

33
Q

General term of Danio rerio?

A

Zebrafish

34
Q

Vertebrate systems such as the zebrafish provide an accurate model for?

A

human disease conditions

35
Q

Small and cheaper to maintain than mice

A

Zebrafish (Danio rerio)

36
Q

The embryos are nearly transparent which allows the observation of the development of internal structures.

A

Zebrafish (Danio rerio)

37
Q

Eggs are fertilized outside the mother’s body, thus useful for studying early development.

A

Zebrafish (Danio rerio)

38
Q

Similar genetic structure to humans

A

Zebrafish (Danio rerio)

39
Q

Has the same major organs and tissues as humans

A

Zebrafish (Danio rerio)

40
Q

Chick Embryo contributed to the knowledge of the?

A
  • immune system
  • virology
  • cell biology
  • cancer
  • genetics
41
Q

They are used to study development.

A

Chick Embryo

42
Q

Scientific name of mouse?

A

Mus musculus

43
Q

Used to study aspects of human biology and medicine.

A

Mouse

44
Q

Closest mammalian model organism to humans.

A

Mouse

45
Q

The advantage of the mouse system is the ability to make?

A

targeted gene knockouts

46
Q

Scientific name of rats?

A

Rattus norvegicus

47
Q

Rats were once the animal of choice decades ago but became unpopular because?

A

its genome cannot tolerate insertion of foreign DNA near the extent of the mouse genome

48
Q

True or false: Mice are more tolerant than rat genomes.

A

True

49
Q

True or false: Rats are larger than mice.

A

True

50
Q

True or false: Rats have fine hair in their tails.

A

False. Rats do not have fine hair in their tails.

51
Q

A flowering plant.

A

Arabidopsis thaliana

52
Q

Commonly known as thale cress.

A

Arabidopsis thaliana

53
Q

Arabidopsis thaliana is commonly known as?

A

thale cress

54
Q

A sophisticated model for the plant kingdom.

A

Arabidopsis thaliana

55
Q

Characteristics of Arabidopsis thaliana?

A
  • small size
  • easy genetics
  • with prolific seed production through self pollination
56
Q

Recognized because of its small genome

A

Arabidopsis thaliana

57
Q

Advantages: Yeast

A
  • Excellent genetics
  • Genes can be easily cloned
  • Genome sequence complete
  • Possess all basic eukaryotic organelles
  • Cell cycle control similar to animals
58
Q

Disadvantages: Yeast

A
  • No distinct tissues
59
Q

Advantages: Nematode

A
  • Excellent genetics
  • Hermaphrodites
  • RNAi effective
  • Genome sequence complete
  • Few cells: 959 cells, 302 neurons
  • All cell lineages are known
60
Q

Disadvantages: Nematode

A
  • Limited external morphology
  • Less similar to human than flies
  • Some embryological manipulations difficult
61
Q

Advantages: Fruit fly

A
  • Genome sequence complete
  • RNAi effective
  • Fast generation time
  • Transgenic animals easily generated
  • Mosaic analysis
62
Q

Meaning of RNAi?

A

RNA interference

63
Q

A method of gene knockout/knockdown that uses a double-stranded RNA.

A

RNA interference (RNAi)

64
Q

Disadvantages: Fruit fly

A
  • Embryological manipulations difficult
65
Q

Advantages: Zebrafish

A
  • Simplest vertebrate with good genetics
  • Easy examination of morphological defects (clear embryos)
  • Embryological manipulations possible
  • Organ systems similar to other vertebrates (eyes, heart, blood, GIT)
  • Rapid vertebrate development
66
Q

Disadvantages: Zebrafish

A
  • Cannot easily make transgenic animals
67
Q

Advantages: Chicken

A
  • Availability, low cost
  • Accessibility, outside of mother
  • Well suited for embryological manipulation
  • Easily transfected by avian retroviruses
68
Q

Disadvantages: Chicken

A
  • Limited genome data at present
69
Q

Advantages: Mouse

A
  • Mammal with brains similar to human
  • Reverse genetics
  • Developmental overview is same for all mammals
  • Construction of chimeric embryos possible
  • Availability of material at all stages
  • Source of primary cells for culture
70
Q

Disadvantages: Mouse

A
  • Forward genetics difficult
  • Embryonic manipulations difficult (inside mother)
  • Development and life cycle relatively slow (months)
71
Q

Advantages: Humans

A
  • Many diseases, self-reporting mutants
  • Some good family pedigrees
  • Genome sequence complete
72
Q

Disadvantages: Humans

A
  • Fetal material difficult
  • No experimental access
73
Q

True or false: Recombinant DNA technology and RNAi are applicable to humans.

A

False

CYTO (6 decks)

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