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CYTO > Week 5: Meiosis > Flashcards

Week 5: Meiosis Flashcards

1
Q

The gametes during meiosis must contain precisely?

A

one member of each homologous pair of chromosomes

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2
Q

During a phase called _________, there is genetic exchange between members of each homologous pair of chromosome. This creates intact chromosomes that are mosaics of the maternal and paternal homologs.

A

crossing over

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3
Q

To achieve haploidy, two divisions (Meiosis I and II) are required that results in the formation of _____ gametes, each genetically different from each other.

A

four

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4
Q

As in mitosis, the process of meiosis begins with a diploid cell duplicating its genetic material in the interphase stage (forming a __________ joined at the centromere).

A

duplex of two sister chromatids

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5
Q

The second nuclear division in meiosis loosely resembles a mitotic division, but there is no?

A

DNA replication

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6
Q

The net effect of two divisions is the creation of ___________, each containing the equivalent of a single sister chromatid from each pair of homologous chromosomes.

A

four haploid daughter cells

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7
Q

The first meiotic division is also called the __________ because it divides the chromosome number in half.

A

reductional division

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8
Q

The first meiotic division is also called the reductional division because?

A

it divides the chromosome number in half

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9
Q

Prophase I is subdivided into five stages?

A

leptotene, zygotene, pachytene, diplotene and diakinesis

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10
Q

Leptotene means?

A

“thin thread”

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11
Q

At this stage during prophase I, the chromosomes first become visible as long, thread-like structures. Numerous dense granules appear at irregular intervals along their length.

A

Leptotene

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12
Q

The localized contractions (numerous dense granules) during leptotene are called?

A

chromomeres

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13
Q

Zygotene means?

A

paired thread

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14
Q

It is marked by lateral pairing (synapsis) of homologous chromosomes, beginning at the chromosome tips. It results in a precise chromomere by chromomere association.

A

Zygotene

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15
Q

The lateral pairing during zygotene is called?

A

synapsis

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16
Q

Synapsis is accompanied by the synthesis of _______, a protein structure that helps to hold the homologous chromosomes together.

A

synaptonemal complex

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17
Q

Each pair of synapsed homologous chromosomes is referred to as?

A

bivalent

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18
Q

Pachytene means?

A

thick thread

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19
Q

Condensation of chromosome continues. During this period, the chromosomes shorten and thicken.

A

Pachytene

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20
Q

Genetic exchange, or _______ takes place during pachytene.

A

crossing over

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21
Q

What process takes place during pachytene?

A

genetic exchange or crossing over

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22
Q

Diplotene means?

A

double thread

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23
Q

During this stage of prophase I, the synaptonemal complex breaks down and the synapsed chromosomes begin to separate.

A

Diplotene

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24
Q

True or false: During diplotene, the homologous chromosomes remain held together at the intervals along their lengths by cross-connections resulting from crossing-over.

A

True

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25
Q

The cross-connection, called a __________, is formed by a breakage and rejoining between non-sister chromatids.

A

chiasma (pl. chiasmata)

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26
Q

Diakenesis means?

A

moving apart

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27
Q

In this stage of prophase I, the homologous chromosomes seem to repel each other, and the segments not connected by chiasmata move apart.

A

Diakenesis

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28
Q

It is at this substage that the chromosomes attain their maximum condensation.

A

Diakenesis

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29
Q

Near the end of diakinesis, the formation of a ______ is initiated, and the __________ breaks down.

A

spindle; nuclear envelope

30
Q

In metaphase I, as each bivalent moves onto the metaphase plate, its centromeres are oriented at ______ with respect to the poles of the spindle.

A

random

31
Q

During __________ , the homologous chromosomes separate from one another and move to opposite poles of the spindle.

A

Anaphase I

32
Q

At _________ , a haploid set of chromosomes consisting of one homolog from each bivalent is located near each pole of the spindle.

A

Telophase I

33
Q

The second meiotic division is also called ________________ because the chromosome number remains the same in each cell before and after the second division.

A

equational division

34
Q

The second meiotic division is also called equational division because?

A

the chromosome number remains the same in each cell before and after the second division

35
Q

True or false: Chromosome replication never takes place between the two meiotic divisions.

A

True

36
Q

In __________, the centromeres divide longitudinally and the chromatids of each chromosome move to opposite poles of the spindle.

A

anaphase II

37
Q

In anaphase II, the centromeres divide ____________ and the chromatids of each chromosome move to opposite poles of the spindle.

A

longitudinally

38
Q

Once the centromere has split at anaphase II, each chromatid is considered a?

A

separate chromosome

39
Q

It is marked by transition to the interphase condition of the chromosomes in the four haploid nuclei, accompanied by the division of the cytoplasm.

A

Telophase II

40
Q

Association type: One division.

A

Mitosis

41
Q

Association type: 2 daughter cells per cycle.

A

Mitosis

42
Q

Association type: Daughter cells genetically identical.

A

Mitosis

43
Q

Association type: Chromosome number of daughter cells same as that of parent cell (2n).

A

Mitosis

44
Q

Association type: Occurs in somatic cells.

A

Mitosis

45
Q

Association type: Occurs throughout life cycle.

A

Mitosis

46
Q

Association type: Used for growth, repair, asexual reproduction.

A

Mitosis

47
Q

Association type: Two divisions.

A

Meiosis

48
Q

Association type: 4 daughter cells per cycle.

A

Meiosis

49
Q

Association type: Daughter cells genetically different.

A

Meiosis

50
Q

Association type: Chromosome number of daughter cells half that of parent cell (1n).

A

Meiosis

51
Q

Association type: Occurs in germline cells.

A

Meiosis

52
Q

Association type: In humans, completes after sexual maturity.

A

Meiosis

53
Q

Association type: Used for sexual reproduction, producing new gene combinations.

A

Meiosis

54
Q

This process takes place in the testes.

A

Spermatogenesis

55
Q

Spermatogenesis begins with the enlargement of the germ cell?

A

spermatogonium

56
Q

Spermatogonium grows to become a ____________, which undergoes the first meiotic division.

A

primary spermatocyte

57
Q

The products of the first meiotic division during Spermatogenesis are called __________, which then undergo meiosis II that produces the ___________.

A

secondary spermatocytes; spermatids

58
Q

The spermatids go through developmental changes to become?

A

spermatozoa (sperm)

59
Q

Occurs in the ovaries.

A

Oogenesis

60
Q

The daughter cells resulting from the two meiotic division during oogenesis receive equal amounts of genetic material, but do not receive equal amounts of?

A

cytoplasm

61
Q

The daughter cell with very little surrounding cytoplasm is called?

A

polar body

62
Q

The other daughter cell produced by the first meiotic division and contain most of the cytoplasm is called the?

A

secondary oocyte

63
Q

The __________ will be produced from the secondary oocyte during the second meiotic division.

A

mature ovum

64
Q

The mature ovum will be produced from the __________ during the second meiotic division.

A

secondary oocyte

65
Q

The cytoplasm of the secondary oocyte again divides unequally, producing an?

A

ootid and a second polar body

66
Q

The ootid then differentiates into a?

A

mature ovum

67
Q

Humans have ___ chromosomes consisting of ____ pairs.

A

46 ; 23

68
Q

One member of each chromosome pair is derived from?

A

each parent

69
Q

Twenty-two pairs of chromosomes are known as __________ and appear as homologs of each other (they are indistinguishable from each other).

A

autosomes

70
Q

The first 22 pairs of chromosomes are numbered 1-22 in _________ order of length.

A

descending

71
Q

The twenty-third pair includes the?

A

sex chromosomes (X and Y chromosomes)

72
Q

The chromosomes contains a constricted region called the _________, whose location establishes the general appearance of each chromosome.

A

centromere

CYTO (6 decks)

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