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CYTO > Week 2: Intro to Cytogenetics > Flashcards

Week 2: Intro to Cytogenetics Flashcards

1
Q

It refers to the study of the laws of hereditary transmission in living organisms. It began with Mendel’s study of inheritance in garden peas.

A

Classical genetics

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2
Q

The study of genes in populations of animals, plants, and microbes provides information on past migrations, evolutionary relationships and extents of mixing among different varieties and species, and methods of adaptation to the environment.

A

Population genetics

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3
Q

Branch of genetics that studies the structure of the DNA within the cell nucleus. It studies the number and morphology of the chromosomes.

A

Cytogenetics

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4
Q

The study of the molecular structure of DNA, its cellular activities (including its replication), and its influence in determining the overall makeup of an organism.

A

Molecular genetics

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5
Q

He proposed that “humors” served as bearers of traits.

A

Aristotle

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6
Q

Meaning of humors?

A

body fluids

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7
Q

He proposed the theory of epigenesis.

A

William Harvey

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8
Q

This theory states that organisms came from a fertilized egg which then undergoes developmental changes to become an individual.

A

theory of epigenesis

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9
Q

It states that the fertilized egg contains a complete miniature adult called a homunculus.

A

Preformationism

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10
Q

Preformationism states that the fertilized egg contains a complete miniature adult called a?

A

homunculus

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11
Q

It refers to the creation of living organisms from non-living organisms.

A

Spontaneous Generation

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12
Q

He proposed that existing species arose by descent with modification from ancestral species.

A

Charles Darwin

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13
Q

He formulated the theory of Evolution and Natural Selection.

A

Charles Darwin

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14
Q

Natural selection states that?

A

individuals with heritable traits that allow them to adapt to their environment are better able to survive and reproduce than those with less adaptive traits

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15
Q

He published a paper describing how traits are passed from one generation to the other, utilizing pea plants as models.

A

Gregor Mendel

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16
Q

Gregor Mendel published a paper describing how traits are passed from one generation to the other, utilizing ________ as models.

A

pea plants

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17
Q

He proposed that traits are passed from parents to offspring in a predictable manner.

A

Gregor Mendel

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18
Q

Gregor Mendel further concluded that each trait in pea plants is controlled by a pair of factors (which we now call _________ ) and that members of a gene pair separate from each other during gamete formation (the formation of egg cells and sperm).

A

genes

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19
Q

Heredity is dependent on the genes contained in the structures called ___________. The chromosomes were contributed to the individual by the gametes.

A

chromosomes

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20
Q

The characteristic number of chromosomes a eukaryote has in most of its cells.

A

Diploid number (2n)

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21
Q

Chromosomes in diploid cells exist in pairs called?

A

homologous chromosomes

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22
Q

Chromosomes behave differently during the two forms of cell division, namely?

A

mitosis and meiosis

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23
Q

In ________, the chromosomes are copied and distributed to each daughter cell. Both cells obtain a diploid set of chromosomes.

A

mitosis

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24
Q

In ________, the cells receive only one chromosome from each chromosome pair, and the resulting number of chromosome is called the haploid number (n).

A

meiosis

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25
Q

In meiosis, the cells receive only one chromosome from each chromosome pair, and the resulting number of chromosome is called the _______________.

A

haploid number (n)

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26
Q

The chromosomal theory of inheritance states that “inherited traits are controlled by _______ residing on _______ faithfully transmitted through _______, maintaining genetic continuity from generation to generation.

A

genes; chromosomes; gametes

27
Q

The major chemical component of chromosomes were?

A

DNA and proteins

28
Q

It is a long, ladder-like macromolecule that twists to form a double helix.

A

DNA

29
Q

Who won the Nobel prize for discovering DNA?

A

James Watson, Francis Crick

30
Q

Each strand of the DNA molecule is made up of?

A

nucleotides

31
Q

The four types of nucleotides found in DNA are?

A

A (adenine), G (guanine),
C (cytosine), T (thymine)

32
Q

The DNA ladder are exact __________ of each other, so that the double helix consist of A=T and G=C base pairs.

A

complements

33
Q

It is a single-stranded molecule that contains uracil (U) in place of thymine.

A

RNA

34
Q

The genetic information in the DNA is expressed to form a functional gene product, which in most cases, a?

A

protein

35
Q

In eukaryotic cells, the gene expression process begins in the nucleus with?

A

transcription

36
Q

The mRNA produced from transcription then moves to the cytoplasm and migrates to the?

A

ribosomes

37
Q

The synthesis of protein under the direction of the mRNA is called?

A

translation

38
Q

Information encoded in mRNA (the genetic code) consists of linear series of nucleotide triplets called?

A

codon

39
Q

Each codon is ____________ to the information stored in DNA and specifies the insertion of a specific amino acid into a protein.

A

complementary

40
Q

Protein assemble is accomplished with the aid of __________.

A

tRNAs

41
Q

_______, the largest category of proteins, serve as biological catalysts.

A

Enzymes

42
Q

Protein that carries and transports oxygen.

A

hemoglobin

43
Q

Proteins that regulate body processes.

A

protein hormones, e.g. insulin

44
Q

Proteins that take part in muscle?

A

actin and myosin

45
Q

Proteins in connective tissue?

A

collagen

46
Q

A protein’s shape and chemical behavior are determined by its _________ of amino acids.

A

linear sequence

47
Q

Once a protein is made, its biochemical or structural properties play a role in producing a?

A

phenotype

48
Q

When __________ alters a gene, it may modify or even eliminate the encoded protein’s usual function and cause an altered phenotype.

A

mutation

49
Q

Researchers discovered _____________ that could be used to cut any organism’s DNA at specific nucleotide sequences, therefore producing a reproducible set of DNA fragments.

A

restriction enzymes

50
Q

Soon researchers discovered ways on how to insert the DNA fragments into carrier DNA molecules through __________ to form recombinant DNA molecules.

A

vectors

51
Q

The recombinant DNA will be transferred into bacterial cells to produce thousand of copies, or?

A

clones

52
Q

The cloned DNA fragments can be isolated from the?

A

bacterial host cells

53
Q

Function of cloned DNA fragments?

A
  • to isolate genes
  • study their organization and expression
  • study their nucleotide sequence and evolution
54
Q

The use of recombinant DNA technology and other molecular techniques to make products is called?

A

biotechnology

55
Q

Application of biotechnology?

A
  1. Agriculture - use of recombinant DNA technology to genetically modify crop plants.
  2. Changed the way human proteins for medical use are produced.
  3. Biotechnology-derived genetic testing is now available to perform prenatal diagnosis of heritable disorders and to test parents for their status as heterozygous carriers of more than 100 inherited disorders.
56
Q

The study of genome. It studies the structure, function, and evolution of genes and genomes.

A

Genomics

57
Q

It identifies the set of proteins present in a cell under a given set of conditions, and studies their functions and interactions.

A

Proteomics

58
Q

A subfield of information technology used to store, retrieve and analyze the massive amount of data generated by genomics and proteomics.

A

Bioinformatics

59
Q

Geneticists gradually came to focus attention on small number of organisms, including the _____ and _____.

A

fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) and the mouse (Mus musculus)

60
Q

Scientific name of fruit fly?

A

Drosophila melanogaster

61
Q

Scientific name of mouse?

A

Mus musculus

62
Q

Reasons for using small number of organism?

A

(1) genetic mechanisms were the same in most organisms
(2) these organisms had characteristics that made them especially suitable for genetic research (They were easy to grow, had relatively short life cycles, produced many offspring, and their genetic analysis was fairly straightforward.)

63
Q

Organisms used to study the principles of inheritance were called?

A

model organisms

CYTO (6 decks)

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