Week 7 Material Flashcards
What is a schema? What are the two types of schemas?
A schema contains the generalized rules that generate the spatial and temporal muscle patterns to produce a specified movement. The two types are recall and recognition.
Recall schema is the relationship between what three factors? When is it used?
Movement outcomes, parameters used, and initial conditions; it is used to select future parameters.
Recognition schema is the relationship between what three factors? What does it predict?
Movement outcomes, sensory consequences, and initial conditions; it predicts the expected sensory consequences for later comparison after movement is complete.
Are we continually updating our recall and recognition schemas?
Yes because learning is an ongoing process.
Variability of practice improves motor learning, more in children than adults. Why?
It is due to finding a new novelle task they have never done before. It is difficult because we mostly have our schemas formed already as an adult.
To form accurate recall and recognition schemas, you want to practice tasks under…
Different conditions.
What does the ecological theory include?
Motor learning requires active practice to search for appropriate perceptual cues and appropriate motor responses. This theory includes KR and KP. The learner must understand the goal of the task as well as the nature of the perceptual-motor workspace and how to explore this space.
In regard to the ecological theory, what does the learner need to do to find optimal motor strategies?
Recognize relevant perceptual cues.
What is included in the Fiits and Posner Three Stage Model?
Cognitive: learner assesses task demands, develops strategies, and how evaluates the task. It has a high degree of cognition and attention,
Associative: refinement of selected motor patterns.
Autonomous: movement is more automatic with the least amount of attentional demand.
What is the Systems Three-Stage Model?
Emphasis on controlling DOF of segments involved in movement through co-contraction when learning.
1st stage: “novice stage”, control “freezing” degrees of freedom.
2nd stage: “advanced stage”, releasing and organizing DOF.
3rd stage: “expert stage”; all DOF are released; exploiting the mechanical-inertial properties of the limb.
What is Gentile’s Two-Stage Model?
1st stage: develop an understanding of task dynamics. The goal of the task; appropriate movement strategies; and critical environmental features.
2nd stage: fixation/diversification
What is the difference between fixation and diversification?
Fixation: performing consistently and efficiently in a closed environment. You are refining your movement pattern.
Diversification: adapting to changing demands in an open environment.
What is the Optimal Theory of Motor Learning?
Optimizing performance through intrinsic motivation and attention to learning. This is used to empower the learner, letting them capture their intrinsic motivation and guiding the process, but letting them drive it. Attention is an external focus
What is salience?
It is important about how and what you want to do.
What are the three factors that influence the application of motor learning?
Abilities of the learner, type of task, and stage of learner.
