Week 3 Material

Question 1

What 3 factors are involved with attention?

Answer 1

Focus, concentration, and consciousness

Question 2

Is attention behavioral, cognitive, or both?

Answer 2

Both

Question 3

What can we do to aid in the attention of our patients?

Answer 3

Minimize distraction, promote attention, enhance performance, and develop skill.

Question 4

What are the 5 features of attention?

Answer 4

Selective, divided, capacity, interference, and mental effort.

Question 5

What is the definition of selective attention? What are the two subcategories?

Answer 5

Ability to allocate limited resources to different tasks.
Intentional selection and involuntary capture of attention.

Question 6

What is the difference between intentional selection and involuntary capture of attention?

Answer 6

Intentional selection is purposeful attention to one source while inhibiting attention to others such as the chair you are sitting on. Involuntary capture of attention usually occurs in response to external stimuli such as a loud bang.

Question 7

The Stroop Effect: Congruent vs Incongruent. What kind of processing is accompanied with congruent?

Answer 7

Congruent means that the color and the word have the same meaning; we can have parallel processing due to the same meaning between information. Incongruent means that the color and the word do NOT have the same meaning,

Question 8

What is the cocktail party problem?

Answer 8

Involves dichotic listening; you listen to two messages simultaneously. When asked to recall information from the conversation heard, the subject can identify GROSS features of the voice such as if it was male or female, or loud or quiet. This helps us to understand that we cannot truly ignore ALL of the other stimuli that reach our conscious or subconscious state. Occurs during EARLY STIMULUS IDENTIFICATION.

Question 9

What does inattention blindness, change blindness tell us?

Answer 9

We intentionally process specific visual information that can lead to the inability to process other stimuli. Since we are so focused on the task, the failure to see other stimuli can lead to an adverse event.

Question 10

What is the overarching lesson from the Stroop Effect and Cocktail Party Effect? What about inattention blindness?

Answer 10

The first two indicate that our selective attention does not filter out ALL of the irrelevant information because some get processed in parallel. Inattention blindness demonstrates that if we are too selective and focus too much on one stimulus, that intensity can come as a cost and fail to see something of great importance.

Question 11

What is interference? What are the two types, and how are they different?

Answer 11

Interference is the decreased ability to simultaneously perform two tasks. Structural interference relates to the body and body segments; the same body part cannot do two things at the same time.
Capacity interference relates to completing a task that involves two tasks that exceed our available resources.

Question 12

What are the key differences between controlled vs automatic processing?

Answer 12

Controlled processing is conscious, slow, attention demanding, interference, serial in nature, and volitional. Automatic processing is unconscious, fast, not attention demanding, little to no interference, parallel in nature, and not volitional.

Question 13

Can controlled processing become automatic processing? How?

Answer 13

Yes because it is a continuum. Controlled processing can transfer to automatic with practice.

Question 14

How do the theories of attention differ?

Answer 14

Differ based on “where” in the stages of IP, and the “how” attention is limited.

Question 15

What are the 4 theories of attention?

Answer 15

Single-channel filter theories (early vs late), flexible allocation of capacity, multiple resource theory, and action selection theory.

Question 16

What do the single-channel filter theories assume?

Answer 16

Assume that attention for a single resource is divided by a number of resources. Before the bottle neck, it is thought that the information is parallel processed. At the bottle neck, the information is processed serially.

Question 17

Where did researchers originally think the bottle-neck theory began in IP? What happened over time?

Answer 17

Early on, thought that the bottleneck theory occurred very early in IP. Then, as time progresses, they move the theory starts much further into the stages of IP.

Question 18

What are the theoretical interpretations of the flexible allocation of capacity theory?

Answer 18

Maximum capacity exits, but capacity changes with changes in task.
Attention, its allocation of is not fixed.
Parallel processing CAN occur in ALL stages of IP.
Attention can be placed on more than one stimulus at a time.

Question 19

What is involved with the multiple resource theories?

Answer 19

There are “multiple pools” that have our attention. Each “pool” handles specific kinds of IP. Tasks compete for attentional resources from multiple pools. Attention can be placed on both input and output stages simultaneously. Attention has a maximum capacity of 100%, and the more similar resources that are needed to complete a task, the more interference there will be.

Question 20

What is involved with action-selection theories?

Answer 20

Attention is NOT the cause of interference. Interference occurs when planning or executing the movement. Stimuli. is processed in parallel, early in the IP process. Selection is a fundamental process of attention.

Question 21

Bottleneck appears to occur at what stages of IP?

Answer 21

Response selection and programming stages.

Question 22

Dual-task (tasks A and B) would be demonstrated by…

Answer 22

Task B: decreased speed and quality
Task A: decreased speed and quality
Task A & B: decreased speed and quality of both tasks
Task B prevented from occurring while Task A in progress.

Question 23

What is the difference between internal and external focus of attention?

Answer 23

Internal: how it feels in your body; novice level learners will not learn from this.
External: helpful for all learners; novice will have a more PROXIMAL external focus, and expert will have a more DISTAL external focus.

Question 23

What is the difference between internal and external focus of attention?

Answer 23

Internal: how it feels in your body; novice level learners will not learn from this.
External: helpful for all learners; novice will have a more PROXIMAL external focus, and expert will have a more DISTAL external focus.

Question 24

What is microchoking?

Answer 24

Shift towards internal focus interferes with automaticity, especially in the expert.

Question 25

Memory is a ____________ of IP.

Answer 25

Consequence

Question 26

Can memory be cognitive, motor, or both?

Answer 26

Both

Question 27

What is a direct influence of memory?

Answer 27

Deliberate attempt to search and retrieve a past experience.

Question 28

What are the 3 stages of memory storage?

Answer 28

1. Short-term sensory store
2. Short-term memory
3. Long-term memory

Question 29

What happens in the short-term sensory store stage?

Answer 29

We hold massive amounts of information briefly, but information fades. We store literal information, in less than one second. In order for us to not forget the information, we need to do something and make meaning.

Question 30

What is involved with the short-term memory stage?

Answer 30

It requires effort, conscious processing, and integration. We lose information rapidly (about 30-60 seconds) unless it is rehearsed. This stage has a limited capacity of about + or - 7 items. So, in order to withhold information, we need to chunk or abstract code.

Question 31

Information from long-term memory retrieved for processing and joined with short-term sensory store to create “action plan”, is closely related to what stage of IP?

Answer 31

Response-selection

Question 32

What is involved with long-term memory?

Answer 32

Rehearsed and practiced items are “protected” and more permanently placed in LTM. We have limitless capacity and duration of LTM.

Question 33

What is the difference between implicit long-term memory and explicit long-term memory?

Answer 33

Implicit: non-declarative or procedural; involves skills, tasks, and habits such as tying our shoes. We are able to do something without conscious thought.
Explicit: declarative; involves events and recalling facts or meaning.

Question 34

What are the steps required for long-term memory, that if one of the processes fails, memory will fail?

Answer 34

Encoding: information is converted for storage.
Storage: information is retained in memory.
Retrieval: information is recovered from memory when needed.