Week 6 Material Flashcards
What is plasticity?
The capacity to be shaped, molded, or altered over time. Neuroplasticity is the ability for the brain to adapt or change over time, by creating new neurons and building new neurons.
Neuroplasticity means it is possible to…
Change dysfunctional patterns of movement, thinking, and behaviors. As well as develop new mindsets, new memories, new skills, and new abilities.
True or False: plasticity has a clear age-dependent determinant.
True
Plasticity occurs under 2 conditions:
Typical development and learning, and recovery of function following neural pathology.
True or False: Plasticity is not influenced by the environment and past experience.
False: it IS influenced.
What 2 processes are involved in the physiology of plasticity?
- Changes in synaptic efficiency: involves habituation, sensitization, and long-term potentiation.
- Changes in the number of synaptic connections between neurons: involves sprouting and pruning.
What is habituation?
If we continually fire a neuron, the neurotransmitter will dissipate.
What is sensitization?
The more we fire something, the receptor will become more sensitized and specific to a neurotransmitter. This is a short-term response.
What is long-term potentiation?
We see a long-term change in the receptor and sensitivity to it.
Is nonassociative learning identified as implicit or explicit learning? What occurs with this type of learning?
Implicit learning; involves the response to repeated stimuli, and habituation & sensitization.
Is associative learning identified as implicit or explicit learning? What occurs with this type of learning?
Implicit learning; involves the prediction of relationships, and classical conditioning vs operant conditioning.
Is procedural learning identified as implicit or explicit learning? What occurs with this type of learning?
Implicit learning; you repeat movement under a variety of conditions, which can automatically improve performance. You automatically learn rules for movement.
Define explicit learning.
Factual knowledge that is consciously recalled. It involves encoding, consolidation, storage, and retrieval.
With explicit learning, learning is optimized if?
There is motivation, attention to task, and has the ability to integrate new information with familiar tasks.
Motor learning is…
The study of the acquisition and/or modification of movement. Motor learning is a set of processes associated with practice or experience leading to relatively permanent changes in the capability for skilled movement.
Difference between implicit and explicit forms of motor learning in regard to instruction and feedback.
With implicit forms of motor learning, you are providing MINIMAL instruction with NO extrinsic feedback; you are saying “here it is, let’s go.” With explicit forms of motor learning, you are giving more instruction with extrinsic feedback; we may link it with manual guidance as well.
What is trial and error learning?
Learning by repeatedly attempting to perform a task during which the learner detects errors and corrects them.
What is observational learning?
Learning by observing a movement. The observer determines the key spatial and/or temporal features of the task through observation, and/or is directed to these features by the demonstrator/therapist. You are watching someone do the task, then performing what you saw.
What is errorless learning?
Learning is facilitated by constraining the learning environment (instructions, skill difficulty) so that very few errors occur.
What is discovery learning?
Learning without guidance or feedback from another person or information source. We see this used in children all the time.
What is dual-task learning?
Learning a skill while simultaneously performing another task. The second task can be a motor or cognitive task but must be attention-demanding.
What is motor imagery?
Learning by imagining oneself performing the skilled movement (in the first- or third- person perspective) without actually physically performing the movement.
What is analogy learning?
Learning facilitated by metaphors. The complex structures of the to-be-learned skill is integrated into a simple metaphor that the learner is provided with.
Difference between motor learning and motor performance.
Motor performance is an observable behavior; it varies between trials and does NOT equal capacity. Motor learning is acquiring or re-acquiring the capacity to perform motor skills. It is an internal mental process, rarely observable, relatively permanent, and retained.
To observe the skill acquisition process, you will do this is _____ _____ _______ trials.
Short-term performance trials
To observe learning, you will do this in ____ ___ _______ trials.
Long-term retention trials
