Week 1 Material

Question 1

What makes up movement?

Answer 1

The individual, the task, and the environment.

Question 2

Define Motor Control.

Answer 2

The ability to regulate or direct the mechanisms essential to movement. It is HOW we move. We are looking primarily at the OUTPUT.

Question 3

Define a Theory.

Answer 3

Interconnected statements that describe unobservable structures or processes and relates them to each other and observable events.

Question 4

What are the three types of models?

Answer 4

Schematic, diagram, and depiction.

Question 5

What are the 8 theories and models of Motor Control?

Answer 5

Reflexive model, hierarchical model, motor programming theories, systems theories, dynamic action theories, ecological theory, action-perception theory, and selectionists theory.

Question 6

What model involves peripheral mode of operation and complex skills that emerge through chaining?

Answer 6

Reflexive Model

Question 7

What model involves the central mode of operation and the refinement of skill through the maturation of the CNS?

Answer 7

Hierarchical Model

Question 8

What theory involves peripheral AND central model of operation, and the storage of complex motor programs into synergies and CPGs?

Answer 8

Motor Programming Theories

Question 9

True or False: CPGs function only with input from higher brain areas.

Answer 9

False: CPGs are able to function even without input from higher brain areas.

Question 10

What model involves a multi-system interaction for a function to emerge? Includes coordinative structures, synergies, and degrees of freedom.

Answer 10

Systems Model

Question 11

What theory involves self-organization, attractor wells, and controlled parameters?

Answer 11

Dynamic System and Action Theory

Question 12

What theory involves the processing of information from the environment, using perception to guide action?

Answer 12

Ecological Theory

Question 13

What theory involves primary neuronal repertoires, secondary repertoires, neuronal groups, and neuronal maps?

Answer 13

Selectionist’s theory or Neuronal Group Selection Theory.

Question 14

What is the difference between a primary and secondary neuronal repertoire?

Answer 14

Primary presents pre-birth, exists in the infant and can exist post-birth. They have an anatomical connection and cells that formulate their motor program allow for their expression to be embryologically linked. Secondary occurs due to post-birth experiences; anything in our that environment shapes, molds, and modifies would be considered a secondary repertoire. We build these throughout the rest of our life. We link this to plasticity of the brain.

Question 15

What are neural maps?

Answer 15

When we continue to practice our primary and secondary repertoires, it leads to the grouping of neurons that create neuronal maps. They can share different pathways in the brain and reinforce the idea of plasticity. These maps can expand to help damaged areas and functions can be continued on. These can be built at ANY point in our life.

Question 16

What are the stages of Motor Control?

Answer 16

Mobility, stability, controlled mobility and static dynamic, skill.

Question 17

True or False: The stages of Motor Control are considered a theory.

Answer 17

False: The stages of Motor Control are NOT a theory. It is a developmental process, falls under the development of movement.

Question 17

True or False: The stages of Motor Control are considered a theory.

Answer 17

False: The stages of Motor Control are NOT a theory. It is a developmental process, falls under the development of movement.

Question 18

What model considers Motor Control to be linear?

Answer 18

Hierarchical Model of Motor Control

Question 19

What supports the body’s ability to function without input from higher brain areas?

Answer 19

CPGs

Question 20

What are synergies?

Answer 20

Describes a complex interaction of motor programs, meaning that they come together and are controlled as a unit.

Question 21

What are the three components that make up the individual part of movement?

Answer 21

Motor action, sensory-perception, and cognition.

Question 22

Discrete vs Continuous tasks.

Answer 22

Discrete involve tasks that have a recognizable beginning and end. Continuous tasks have an end point that is not an inherent characteristic but is decided arbitrarily by the performer.

Question 23

Closed vs Open tasks.

Answer 23

Closed movement tasks are performed in a relatively fixed or predictable environment and are less dependent on the constant monitoring of sensory inputs related to environmental changes. Open movement tasks require performers to adapt movement strategies to a constantly changing and often unpredictable environment.

Question 24

Stability vs Mobility tasks.

Answer 24

Stability tasks are performed with a nonmoving base of support. Mobility tasks require moving the base of support.

Question 25

Manipulation vs Non-manipulation tasks.

Answer 25

Manipulation tasks involve movement of the UE.

Question 26

What are the two categories of the environment in movement? What is the difference?

Answer 26

Regulatory and non-regulatory. Regulatory features specify aspects of the environment that shape the movement itself; it is what we pay attention to. Non-regulatory features of the environment may affect performance, but movement does not have to conform to these features; it is what we do not pay attention to.