Week 7 lec - morphology and pathology Flashcards
what is the diameter and weight of a normal adult male prostate?
3 to 4cm diameter and 25g in weight
what do you notice about this prostate?
it is enlarged and has an increase in stroma and prostate glands
what kind of weight could you expect this hyperplasic prostate to be?
70 g
what is the pattern of increase in this fucked up prossy?
nodular (not uniform)
what is this pattern of increase influenced by?
what bodily function could it interfere with?
it’s under hormonal influence
could interfere with the emtying of the urinary bladder
what is an easily observable biomarker to check for prostate cancer?
if it’s greater than 5cm
is the structure of this hyperplastic prostate maintained or not?
maintained
t is well-differentiated - there are too many glands but they resemble normal tissue
What is the main example of a cerebral atrophy disease?
Alzheimers
what is the main biomarker of alzheimers?
apoptosis of cells, neuro degeneration
what is neurodegeneration such a problem, especially if it’s caused by a disease such as alzheimers?
because neurones cannot regenerate
what are these and what are the pink bits?
(hint, this is a patient with alzheimers disease)
neurofibrillary tangles in neurones
the pink bits are the cytoskeleton filaments grouped together in elongated tangles
what difference do you notice between the right (normal) and the left laryngeal respiratory epithelium in this picture? what is this change called?
the epithelium on the left has become squamous instead of normal respiratory, in response to smoking as squamous is more resilient.
this is metaplasia (abnormal change in tissue)
is metaplasia a normal physiological process? what is it the first step towards?
no. it’s the first step towards hyperplasia.
________ of the normal esophageal squamous mucosa has occurred here, with the appearance of gastric type columnar mucosa
Metaplasia of the normal esophageal squamous mucosa has occurred here, with the appearance of gastric type columnar mucosa
?
heart hypertrophy
During heart hypertrophy, the number of myocardial fibers ___ ___ increase, their size ___ increase in response to an increased workload, leading to the marked thickening of the left ventricle in this patient with systemic hypertension.
The number of myocardial fibers does not increase, but their size can increase in response to an increased workload, leading to the marked thickening of the left ventricle in this patient with systemic hypertension.
what is dysplasia?
abnormal growth or development of a tissue or organ
or
the presence of cells of an abnormal type within a tissue, which may signify a stage preceding the development of cancer
This is cellular ______ in the uterine cervix.
The normal cervical squamous epithelium has become transformed to a more disorderly growth pattern, or dysplastic epithelium.
This is further down the road toward neoplasia, but ______ is still a potentially reversible process
This is cellular dysplasia in the uterine cervix.
The normal cervical squamous epithelium has become transformed to a more disorderly growth pattern, or dysplastic epithelium.
This is further down the road toward neoplasia, but dysplasia is still a potentially reversible process
In this fetal thymus there is involution of thymic lymphocytes by the mechanism of ______.
In this case, it is an orderly process and part of normal immune system maturation.
Individual cells fragment and are consumed by phagocytes to give the appearance of clear spaces filled with cellular debris.
In this fetal thymus there is involution of thymic lymphocytes by the mechanism of apoptosis.
In this case, it is an orderly process and part of normal immune system maturation.
Individual cells fragment and are consumed by phagocytes to give the appearance of clear spaces filled with cellular debris.
_______ is controlled by many mechanisms. Genes such as BCL-2 are turned off and Bax genes turned on. Intracellular proteolytic enzymes called caspases produce much cellular breakdown.
Apoptosis is controlled by many mechanisms. Genes such as BCL-2 are turned off and Bax genes turned on. Intracellular proteolytic enzymes called caspases produce much cellular breakdown.
This is an example of ______ ______ in the cortex of the kidney.
coagulative necrosis
what causes coagulative necrosis?
necrosis caused by hypoxia usually caused by ischemia or infarction
?
normal coronary artery
an artery with?
Atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis is generally worse at the ______ of an artery where turbulence of vascular flow with ongoing endothelial stress and injury is greater.
Atherosclerosis is generally worse at the beginning of an artery where turbulence of vascular flow with ongoing endothelial stress and injury is greater.
why is atherosclerosis is generally worse at the beginning of an artery?
because turbulence of vascular flow with ongoing endothelial stress and injury is greater.
