Week 1 lec - a fuck load of terminology

Question 1

what is normal health?

Answer 1

most frequent state in a population defined by age, gender, ethnicity etc

Question 2

define aetiology

Answer 2

cause of disease

Question 3

define pathogenesis

Answer 3

mechanism of disease

Question 4

define manifestations

Answer 4

morphological, functional & clinical change

Question 5

define complications & sequelae

Answer 5

secondary effects of disease

Question 6

define prognosis

Answer 6

outcome

Question 7

define epidemiology

Answer 7

incidence, prevalence, pop’n distrib’n

Question 8

Categories of causalagents:

Answer 8

– genetic abnormalities
– infective agents
– chemicals
– radiation
– mechanical trauma
– socio-economic

Question 9

if cause unknown, disease is classified as:

Answer 9

primary, idiopathic, essential, spontaneous or cryptogenic

Question 10

cause vs agent of tuberculosis?

Answer 10

– caused by poverty, social deprivation, malnutrition

– the agentis the tubercle bacillus Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Question 11

what haemodynamic pathogenesis

Answer 11

shock, ischaemia

Question 12

what is a pathogenic immune reaction?

Answer 12

undesirable effects of the body’s immune system

Question 13

what is carcinogenesis?

Answer 13

growth disorders - the mechanism by which carcinogenic agents produce tumours

Question 14

what is pathogenic degeneration (& metabolic)?

Answer 14

deterioration of cells or tissues in response to, or failure to adapt to a variety of agents

Question 15

pathogenic inflammation is a response to…

Answer 15

many microbes & other harmful agents causing tissue damage

Question 16

pathogenesis (disease mechanisms) may not occur immediately after exposure, but during periods of…?

Answer 16

– latency (carcinogenesis) or
– incubation (infectious diseases)

Question 17

a sign is?

Answer 17

objective findings detectable via senses, instruments, tests

Question 18

a symptom is?

Answer 18

felt and described by patient, subjective abnormalities

Question 19

examples of signs

Answer 19

• sight (rash, pupil dilation)
• taste (sweet urine)
• hearing (heart beat)​
• ​smell (ketoacidosis)
• touch (pulse, swollen lymph nodes)
• blood pressure
• LFTs

Question 20

examples of symptoms

Answer 20

• fatigue
• nausea
• pain
• malaise
• fever
• altered bowel habits
• SOB

Question 21

what is a lesion?

Answer 21

a structural or functional abnormality

Question 22

example of a space occupying lesion

Answer 22

tumours

Question 23

example of lesion caused by deposition of excessive or abnormal material in an organ

Answer 23

amyloid

Question 24

example of lesion due to abnormally sited tissue due to: metastasis, invasion, abnormal devep’t

Answer 24

tumours

Question 25

example of lesion due to loss of healthy tissue

Answer 25

ulceration or infarction

Question 26

example of lesion due to obstruction to normal flow

Answer 26

asthma, vascular occlusion

Question 27

exaple of lesion due to rupture of a hollow viscus

Answer 27

aneurism, intestinal perforation

Question 28

examples of lesions due to excessive secretion of a cell product

Answer 28

nasal mucus, hormones

Question 29

examples of lesions due to insufficient secretion of a cell product

Answer 29

insulin in DM

Question 30

list 4 functional abnormalities which can result in lesions

Answer 30

–excessive secretion of a cell product –insufficient secretion of a cell product –impaired nerve conduction –impaired contractility of muscle

Question 31

cause of prolonged effects of disease

Answer 31

if host has impaired capacity for defence, repair

Question 32

example of secondary effect of disease

Answer 32

tumours

Question 33

what could cause distant effects of a disease

Answer 33

spread of infective agent

Question 34

morbidity is?

Answer 34

sum of the disease’s effects upon pa’ –e.g. breathlessness after heart attack (MI)

Question 35

mortality is?

Answer 35

probability of death –e.g. 50% of all those presenting with disease

Question 36

epidemiology, the study of pathology of populations allows us to?

Answer 36

identify causes and modes of acquisition of disease

Question 37

primary disease means?

Answer 37

without evident cause e.g. primary hypertension has no apparent cause

Question 38

secondary disease means

Answer 38

complication or manifestation of an underlying lesion -e.g. secondary hypertension may be a consequence of renal artery stenosis

Question 39

example of primary vs secondary stages

Answer 39

primary tumour is initial site from which cancer cells travel to cause secondary tumours in other tissues or organs

Question 40

two characteristics of acute disease?

Answer 40

–rapid onset –often rapid resolution

Question 41

three characteristics of chronic disease

Answer 41

–prolonged course of months or years –often insidious onset –may follow an initial acute episode

Question 42

characteristic of benign tumours?

Answer 42

remain localised within tissue of origin & rarely lethal

Question 43

malignant tumours

Answer 43

spread or metastasise & usually lethal

Question 44

example of benign (mild) hypertension

Answer 44

insidious tissue injury

Question 45

examples of malignant (severe) hypertension

Answer 45

headaches, blindness, renal failure, cerebral haemorrhage

Question 46

a Iatrogenic disease is?

Answer 46

attributable to practitioner’s actions

Question 47

a nosocomial disease is?

Answer 47

acquired as consequence of hospital stay

Question 48

a congenital disease can be ______ or non-\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 48

genetic genetic

Question 49

here is a really good picture which you should probably learn

Question 50

Pathogenic classifications of acquired diseases

Answer 50

* haemodynamic * growth disorders * injury & disordered repair * disordered immunity * metabolic & degenerative disorders * inflammatory