Week 1 lec - a fuck load of terminology Flashcards
what is normal health?
most frequent state in a population defined by age, gender, ethnicity etc
define aetiology
cause of disease
define pathogenesis
mechanism of disease
define manifestations
morphological, functional & clinical change
define complications & sequelae
secondary effects of disease
define prognosis
outcome
define epidemiology
incidence, prevalence, pop’n distrib’n
Categories of causalagents:
– genetic abnormalities
– infective agents
– chemicals
– radiation
– mechanical trauma
– socio-economic
if cause unknown, disease is classified as:
primary, idiopathic, essential, spontaneous or cryptogenic
cause vs agent of tuberculosis?
– caused by poverty, social deprivation, malnutrition
– the agentis the tubercle bacillus Mycobacterium tuberculosis
what haemodynamic pathogenesis
shock, ischaemia
what is a pathogenic immune reaction?
undesirable effects of the body’s immune system
what is carcinogenesis?
growth disorders - the mechanism by which carcinogenic agents produce tumours
what is pathogenic degeneration (& metabolic)?
deterioration of cells or tissues in response to, or failure to adapt to a variety of agents
pathogenic inflammation is a response to…
many microbes & other harmful agents causing tissue damage
pathogenesis (disease mechanisms) may not occur immediately after exposure, but during periods of…?
– latency (carcinogenesis) or
– incubation (infectious diseases)
a sign is?
objective findings detectable via senses, instruments, tests
a symptom is?
felt and described by patient, subjective abnormalities
examples of signs
- sight (rash, pupil dilation)
- taste (sweet urine)
- hearing (heart beat)
- smell (ketoacidosis)
- touch (pulse, swollen lymph nodes)
- blood pressure
- LFTs
examples of symptoms
- fatigue
- nausea
- pain
- malaise
- fever
- altered bowel habits
- SOB
what is a lesion?
a structural or functional abnormality
example of a space occupying lesion
tumours
example of lesion caused by deposition of excessive or abnormal material in an organ
amyloid
example of lesion due to abnormally sited tissue due to: metastasis, invasion, abnormal devep’t
tumours
example of lesion due to loss of healthy tissue
ulceration or infarction
example of lesion due to obstruction to normal flow
asthma, vascular occlusion
exaple of lesion due to rupture of a hollow viscus
aneurism, intestinal perforation
examples of lesions due to excessive secretion of a cell product
nasal mucus, hormones
examples of lesions due to insufficient secretion of a cell product
insulin in DM
list 4 functional abnormalities which can result in lesions
–excessive secretion of a cell product
–insufficient secretion of a cell product
–impaired nerve conduction
–impaired contractility of muscle
cause of prolonged effects of disease
if host has impaired capacity for defence, repair
example of secondary effect of disease
tumours
what could cause distant effects of a disease
spread of infective agent
morbidity is?
sum of the disease’s effects upon pa’ –e.g. breathlessness after heart attack (MI)
mortality is?
probability of death –e.g. 50% of all those presenting with disease
epidemiology, the study of pathology of populations allows us to?
identify causes and modes of acquisition of disease
primary disease means?
without evident cause e.g. primary hypertension has no apparent cause
secondary disease means
complication or manifestation of an underlying lesion -e.g. secondary hypertension may be a consequence of renal artery stenosis
example of primary vs secondary stages
primary tumour is initial site from which cancer cells travel to cause secondary tumours in other tissues or organs
two characteristics of acute disease?
–rapid onset
–often rapid resolution
three characteristics of chronic disease
–prolonged course of months or years
–often insidious onset
–may follow an initial acute episode
characteristic of benign tumours?
remain localised within tissue of origin & rarely lethal
malignant tumours
spread or metastasise & usually lethal
example of benign (mild) hypertension
insidious tissue injury
examples of malignant (severe) hypertension
headaches, blindness, renal failure, cerebral haemorrhage
a Iatrogenic disease is?
attributable to practitioner’s actions
a nosocomial disease is?
acquired as consequence of hospital stay
a congenital disease can be ______ or non-_____
genetic genetic
here is a really good picture which you should probably learn
Pathogenic classifications of acquired diseases
- haemodynamic
- growth disorders
- injury & disordered repair
- disordered immunity
- metabolic & degenerative disorders
- inflammatory
