Week 11-14 quiz questions Flashcards
Chronic bronchitis
- is an example of obstructive lung disease
- is an example of restrictive lung disease
- is an example of restricted and obstructive lung disease
- is not leading usually to COPD
is an example of obstructive lung disease
An example of restrictive lung disease phenotype not dependent from pulmonary disease
- pulmonary fibrosis
- silicosis
- obesity
- pleurisy (pleuritis)
obesity
Allergic asthma
- is an example of restrictive lung disease
- is an example of obstructive lung disease
- is caused only by smoking
- is a rare condition
is an example of obstructive lung disease
FEV1s/FVC ratio
- is always 1 in obstructive lung disease
- is always less than 0.4 in obstructive lung disease
- is always less than 0.8 in obstructive lung disease
- is always less then 0.5 in restrictive lung disease
always less than 0.8 in obstructive lung disease is
An acute cause of restrictive lung disease is
- acute bronchitis
- asthma
- CO inhalation
- Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
Acute Interstitial Diseases:
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)
Affects people any age who have been exposed to:
• Shock: haemorrhagic, cardiogenic, septic, anaphylactic, endotoxic
• Trauma: direct to lungs, multisystem
• Infections: viral, bacterial pneumonias
• gas inhalation: N02, S02, smoke, Cl2
• narcotic abuse: heroin, methadone
• ionising radiation
• gastric aspiration
• DIC (disseminated intravascular coagulation)
• oxygen toxicity.
Glucose levels in the blood need to be regulated:
- insulin increases blood glucose levels
- insulin decreases blood glucose levels
- glucagon decreases blood glucose levels
- glucagon increase glucose uptake by peripheral cells and tissues
insulin decreases blood glucose levels
Type I Diabetes
- is a typical disease of mature age
- is a degenerative disease
- is essentially an autoimmune disease
- is preceded by the metabolic syndrome
is essentially an autoimmune disease
Free glucose in the body
- is not reacting with other proteins
- is not dangerous
- is able to react non-enzymatically with all the other proteins in the body
- is utilized by heart muscles if in excess
is able to react non-enzymatically with all the other proteins in the body
Very low glucose level in the blood
- is produced by occasional mild fasting
- is actually a beneficial situation
- is produced by ingestion of sugars
- is an important factor in loss of consciousness
is an important factor in loss of consciousness
Counter-regulatory hormones for insulin are
- glucagon, parathormone and growth hormone
- glucagon, oxytocin and cortisol
- glucagon, melatonin and cortisol
- glucagon, cortisol and adrenaline
glucagon, cortisol and adrenaline
Insulin
- decreases glucose uptake in the skeletal muscle
- decreases membrane glucose transporters on the cell surface
- activates lipogenesis
- decreases protein synthesis
activates lipogenesis
Diabetes
- decreases cardiovascular risk
- decreases tumour risk
- is considered a model of accelerated ageing
- Type 2 only increases sharply tumour risk
is considered a model of accelerated ageing
AGEs cause ageing… wonder how long it took them to make that acronym?
The glycation process on human proteins
- favours an anti-inflammatory milieu
- increases enzyme functions
- decreases oxidative damages
- increases cross-linking between protein sub-units, altering their function
increases cross-linking between protein sub-units, altering their function
Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are proteins or lipids that become glycated as a result of exposure to sugars (such as in diabetes)
AGEs affect nearly every type of cell and molecule in the body and are thought to be one factor in aging and some age-related chronic diseases:
- Increase vascular permeability.
- Increase arterial stiffness
- Inhibit of vascular dilation by interfering with nitric oxide.
- Oxidize LDL.
- Bind cells—including macrophage, endothelial, and mesangial—to induce the secretion of a variety of cytokines.
- Enhance oxidative stress
Sarcopenia
- is a synonym of cachexia
- is a loss of muscle cell number
- is a loss of muscle cell size
- is a loss of both
is a loss of muscle cell size
PAX7
- is an early transcription factor for muscle differentiation
- is a late transcription factor for muscle differentiation
- is an early transcription factor for smooth muscle differentiation
- only is not involved in muscle differentiation
is an early transcription factor for muscle differentiation
The involvement of both small and large intestine
- is typical of the ulcerative colitis in the late stage of disease
- is one the most important parameters to differentiate ulcerative colitis and Crohn disease
- is typical of the ulcerative colitis early on
- is never found in Crohn disease
is one the most important parameters to differentiate ulcerative colitis and Crohn disease
