Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ZZZZ Pathophysiology (B) > Week 1 tute - biomedical basics > Flashcards

Week 1 tute - biomedical basics Flashcards

1
Q

DNA is ?% mass of a nucleus?

A

<20%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

where are nucleoproteins synthesised?

A

cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

once sythesised, where are nucleoproteins transported into?

A

the nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are the 2 classifications of nucleoprotein

A
  1. histone proteins
  2. non-histone protein:
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the purpose of histone proteins?

A

bind to DNA & control coiling of strand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are the two types of non-histone proteins in the nucleus?

A

non-histone protein:

  • enzymes for DNA & RNA synthesis
  • regulatory proteins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are the main types of RNA that can be found in the nucleus?

A

newly synthesised m-RNA, t-RNA & r-RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

describe the structure of the nuclear envelope

A

2 lipid bilayers with intermembranous space, contains pores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the outer membranes of the nuclear envelope continous with?

A

ER (+ has ribosomes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is the purpose of the pores in the nuclear membrane?

A

permit & regulate (active) exchange of metabolites, macromolecules & ribosomal subunits between nucleus & cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

In dividing cells, chromatin appears in form of ______

A

chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

In non-dividing cells, chromatin exists in 3 forms, they are:

  1. H?
  2. E?
  3. N?
A
  1. Heterochromatin-electron dense areas, of tightly coiled inactive chromatin
  2. Euchromatin-pale staining areas of DNA, active in synthesising RNA (e.g. m-RNA)
  3. Nucleolus:
    •one or more in active cells
    • site of r-RNA synthesis & ribosome assembly
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is heterochromatin?

A

electron dense areas, of tightly coiled inactive chromatin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is euchromatin?

A

pale staining areas of DNA, active in synthesising RNA (e.g. m-RNA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the nucleolus?

A

site of r-RNA synthesis & ribosome assembly, there are one or more within active cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the difference in the appearance of the nucleus between inactive and highly active cells?

A
  • inactive cells have small nuclei, condensed (hetero) chromatin, small or absent nucleoli
  • highly active cells have dispersed (pale staining) chromatin (euchromatin) with prominent nucleoli
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

role of mRNA?

A

transcribes DNA instructions for protein synthesis & carries to cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

role of rRNA?

A

moves to cytoplasm becomes site of protein synthesis, it translates mRNA sequence into sequence of amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

role of tRNA?

A

transfers amino acids in sequence, from pool in cytoplasm, to elongating polypeptide chain being assembled

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

the cytosol (fluid matrix) colloidal solution contains? (list 6 things)

A

– water
– electrolytes
– suspended proteins
– neutral fats
– glycogen
– pigments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

at what region in the nucleus are ribosomes assembled at?

A

the nucleolar region within nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

where does the synthesis of extracellular proteins occur? (e.g. digestive enzymes, some hormones, neurotransmitters)

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what synthesises proteins to be used within the cell?

A

free ribosomes in the cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

describe the structure of the ER

A

a system of paired membranes with matrix (fluid-filled space), cisternae (flattened sacs) & vesicles connecting parts of inner cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what is the matrix of the ER continuous with?
* cell membrane * space between 2 layers of nuclear membrane * other membranous organelles
26
the ER functions as tubular __________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ for transport of molecules through cell
the ER functions as tubular **communication network** for transport of molecules through cell
27
the ER's large surface area & attached multiple ________ \_\_\_\_\_\_ means it has an active role in ___ \_\_\_\_\_\_
the ER's large surface area & attached multiple **enzyme systems** means it has an active role in **cell metabolism**
28
where is the main site of structural modification for the following enzymes? –pancreatic digestive enzymes –liver plasma proteins –lysosomal enzymes (all cells)
RER
29
what is the main function of RER?
protein synthesis and structural modification for specific functions
30
smooth endoplasmic reticulum is continuous with \_\_\_?
rough endoplasmic reticulum
31
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ endoplasmic reticulum contains enzymes for: * lipid, lipoprotein, steroid synthesis * regulation of intracellular calcium (skeletal & cardiac muscle) * detoxification of lipid-soluble drugs (liver) * glycogen storage
smooth
32
describe the structure of the Golgi apparatus
stacks of 4 or more thin flat membranous sacs, located near (concave surface facing) nucleus
33
the Golgi apparatus ______ substances & packages into _______ vesicles, which move into cytoplasm, fuse with cell membrane then leave via \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
the Golgi apparatus modifies substances & packages into secretory vesicles, which move into cytoplasm, fuse with cell membrane then leave via exocytosis
34
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ either within lumen of coated vesicle or embedded within its membrane are transported to Golgi from ER
proteins, either within lumen of coated vesicle or embedded within its membrane are transported to Golgi from ER
35
\_\_\_\_\_\_ _______ may produce some of the larger CHOs that combine with proteins in RER to form glycoproteins
Golgi Complex (apparatus) may produce some of the larger CHOs that combine with proteins in RER to form glycoproteins
36
list the three functional parts of the Golgi apparatus
i) Cis face (faces nucleus): ii) Medial Golgi iii) Trans Golgi network
37
functions of cis face of Golgi apparatus?
* receives transport vesicles from SER * phosphorylates certain proteins
38
function of medial Golgi
adds sugar residues to both lipids & peptides to form complex oligosaccharides
39
function of trans Golgi network
* performs proteolytic steps * adds sugar residues * sorts different macromolecules & directs to correct vesicles
40
the mitochondria are?
FUCK YES
41
cristae of inner mitochondrial membrane have 1. 2. 3.
1. cytochromes 2. carrier molecules of ETC 3. enzymes for oxidative phosphorylation & ATP production
42
\_\_\_\_\_ mitochondrial membrane is permeable, with enzymes for lipid catabolism
outer mitochondrial membrane is permeable, with enzymes for lipid catabolism
43
mitochondrial ______ has enzymes for CAC and fatty acid oxidation
mitochondrial matrix has enzymes for CAC and fatty acid oxidation
44
how many mitochondria can a hepatogyte have?
2,000 - aka a lot
45
how many of their own constituent proteins do mitochondria synthesise?
37
46
what kind of abnormalities can result from abnormal mitochondrial DNA?
* structural abnormalities of muscle * structural abnormalities of nervous system * metabolic abnormalities from failed oxidative metabolism
47
Clinical patterns caused by Mitochondrial Cytopathic Syndromes include?
extraocular muscle weakness, degenerative disease of CNS, metabolic disturbances e.g very high levels of lactic acid
48
how would you diagnose Mitochondrial Cytopathic Syndromes
muscle biopsy & microscopic examination
49
what is a lysosome?
a membrane bound veiscle containing acidhydrolases and proteoenzymes
50
the enzymes contained within lysosomes are synthesised in ___ then packed into vesicles in \_\_\_\_\_
synthesised in RER, packed into vesicles in Golgi
51
what is the optimal pH for the enzymes within a lysosome?
5.0
52
what happens if lysosomal contents leak out into the cytoplam?
they become less effective due to the higher cytoplasmic pH
53
What is a type 1 lysosome?
A lysosome who's enzymes have not yet begun the digestive process
54
what is a type 2 lysosome?
a phagolysosome (endolysosome) - foms when type 1 lysosome fuses with the substrate material, the enzymes become activated & chemical degradation process begins
55
what are the 2 ways in which a type 2 lysosome can form?
i) autophagocytosis: worn-out cell parts for recycling ii) heterophagocytosis: ingested bacteria in phagosome
56
what are residual bodies?
type 2 lysosomes with undigested material, e.g. * lipofuscin (age pigment in neurons, cardiac muscle) * carbon particles in lung & tattoo pigments in macrophages (last decades)
57
what is autolysis?
release of enzymes into cytoplasm, massive destruction of cell contents (abnormal)
58
how do neutrophils work on bacteria?
release enzymes from type 1 lysosomes into extracellular spaces, destroy surrounding cells – e.g. purulent inflammatory lesions
59
what is the effect of lysosomal storage (inherited) diseases?
specific enzymes are absent or inactive, digestion of e.g. cerebrosides, gangliosides, sphingomyelin doesn’t occur e.g. Tay Sachs disease (autosomal recessive)
60
what do peroxisomes do?
* contain special reducing enzyme that degrades peroxides e.g. H2O2 * function in control of free radicals which, if not degraded, will damage other cytoplasmic molecules * contain enzymes for catabolism of very long-chain fatty acids (C 18 & above) * formation of bile acids in liver cells
61
give examples of peroxisomal disorders
–defects in enzymes which process long chain fatty acids –metabolic disturbances e.g. acidosis –storage of abnormal lipids • e.g. adrenoleukodystrophy resulting in impaired oxidation of fatty acids \>\> abnormal lipid storage in brain, spinal cord and adrenals \>\>intellectual deterioration (dementia), adrenal failure
62
what are the three classes of cytoskeleton filaments?
– Microfilaments – Intermediate filaments – Thick myosin filaments
63
what are microfilaments?
* e.g. actin * present in superficial zone of cytoplasm in most cells" cytoplasmic & membrane movement in endocytosis, exocytosis * in microvilli of e.g. intestine
64
what are intermediate filaments?
• heterogeneous group diameter (?nm) • support & maintain asymmetric cell shape – e.g. keratin in keratinocytes, – e.g. glial filaments in astrocytes
65
give an example of thick myosin filaments
in muscle, also temporarily in other cells
66
what are cytoskeleton microtubules made of?
tubulin
67
give 3 functions of cytoskeleton microtubules
– development & maintenance of cell form – intracellular transport – basic structure for some complex organelles e.g. centrioles, cilia, flagella, spindle fibres
68
cytoskeleten microtubule abnormalities can lead to? (2 things)
* alterations in cell mobility & function e.g. diabetes * altered leukocyte migration interferes with inflammatory response
69
what is colchicine used in?
it binds to tubulin affecting the microtubule/cytoskeleton structure. used in: * treatment of gout * halting chromosomes on equator in mitosis, for cytogenetic studies
70
FINISH SLIDES ON CELL MEMBRANE

ZZZZ Pathophysiology (B) (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions