Week 2 lec - immunology fundamentals

Question 1

where are T cells matured?

Answer 1

the thymus

Question 2

where do B cells mature?

Answer 2

In the bone marrow

Question 3

osteoclasts, Kuppfer cells (liver) and microglial cells are all types of ________

Answer 3

macrophages

Question 4

after maturation, where do B and T cells move to?

Answer 4

various lymphoid tissues

Question 5

viruses, bacteria, helminths and mites are all types of _____ ___-_____

Answer 5

pathogenic micro-organisms

Question 6

bacterial toxins are a product of a ____ ___-______

Answer 6

pathogenic micro-organism

Question 7

____ proteins may neutralise viruses and bacterial toxins

Answer 7

plasma proteins

Question 8

the process of ingestion and killing of pathogens by leukocytes is known as _____

Answer 8

phagocytosis

Question 9

humoral immunity involves c_____ + a______

Answer 9

complement and antibodies

Question 10

infected cells are contained by g_____

Answer 10

granulomas

Question 11

the ____ immune response has a rapid onset (hours to days) whereas the ____ immune response has a slow onset (days to weeks)

choose from: adaptive, innate

Answer 11

the innate immune response has a rapid onset (hours to days) whereas the adaptive immune response has a slow onset (days to weeks)

Question 12

Humoral immune response is:

1. Innate and adaptive immune responses mediated by soluble (cell-free) proteins in plasma, interstitial fluids and mucosal secretions
2. Innate and adaptive immune responses mediated by cells of the immune system -Particularly effective against intra-cellular pathogens

pick 1

Answer 12

1. Innate and adaptive immune responses mediated by soluble (cell-free) proteins in plasma, interstitial fluids and mucosal secretions

Question 13

Cellular immune response is:

1. Innate and adaptive immune responses mediated by soluble (cell-free) proteins in plasma, interstitial fluids and mucosal secretions
2. Innate and adaptive immune responses mediated by cells of the immune system -Particularly effective against intra-cellular pathogens

Answer 13

2. Innate and adaptive immune responses mediated by cells of the immune system -Particularly effective against intra-cellular pathogens

Question 14

Give one example of how the complement system exerts an antimicrobial effect

Answer 14

Could have chosen any of the following:

1. forms a membrane attack complex (MAC) to lyse bacteria
2. opsonisation of pathogens
3. triggers release of histamine from mast cells
4. enhances clearance of Ab-Ag complexes

Question 15

which Ig is a primary B cell receptor?

Answer 15

IgD (also IgM but it has more functions than that)

Question 16

which Ig has roles as primary B cell receptor, plus roles in agglutination, complement activation and opsonophagocytosis?

Answer 16

IgM

Question 17

which Igs function as broad complement and cell activators?

Answer 17

IgG1 and IgG3

Question 18

Which Igs are mucosal antibodies?

Answer 18

IgA1 and 2

Question 19

which Ig activates mast cells and eosinophils?

Answer 19

IgE

Question 20

which Ig is involved in opsonophagocytosis of complex antigens?

Answer 20

IgG2

Question 21

which Ig is passed from mother to baby via the placenta?

Answer 21

IgG

Question 22

which Ig is passed from mother to baby via titty juice?

Question 23

give 3 functional effects of antibodies to pathogenic microbes

Answer 23

Could have chosen from any of the following:

• Neutralisation of bacterial toxins and viruses
• Opsonisation (for phagocytosis by neutrophils, macrophages/monocytes, dendritic cells)
• Activation of the complement pathway
• Activation of NK cells Antibody-dependant cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC)
• Activation of basophils/mast cells
• Activation of eosinophils

Question 24

name a toxin-producing bacteria and the disease it causes

Answer 24

Question 25

what are the steps of phagocytosis?

Answer 25

1. **chemotaxis** and **adherence** of microbe to phagocyte 2. **ingestion** 3. formation of **phagosome** 4. formation of **phagolysosome** (fusion of phagosome and lysosome) 5. **digestion** 6. formation of **residual body** containing undigested material 7. **discharge** of waste

Question 26

name a cell surface molecule that can activate phagocytosis

Answer 26

FcR (there are many others but this is the only one we have learnt about)

Question 27

which cells carry out phagocytosis of opsonised antigens?

Answer 27

neutrophils, macrophages/monocytes, dendritic cells (conventional or plasmacytoid)

Question 28

Functional phagocytotic effect of activating neutrophils?

Answer 28

intracellular killing (bacteria and fungi)

Question 29

Functional phagocytotic effect of activating monocytes/macrophages?

Answer 29

antigen processing and presentation to B and T lymphocytes as well as intracellular killing of bacteria, mycobacteria and fungi

Question 30

Functional phagocytotic effect of activating conventional dendritic cells?

Answer 30

antigen processing and presentation to B and T lymphocytes

Question 31

Functional phagocytotic effect of activating plasmacytoid dendritic cells?

Answer 31

production of type 1 interferons

Question 32

what does ADCC mean?

Answer 32

Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity

Question 33

what cells perform Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC)?

Answer 33

NK cells

Question 34

which antibody activates eosinophils to destroy helminth parasites?

Answer 34

IgE

Question 35

give one effect of mast cells activation

Answer 35

HOLY SHIT THERE ARE SO MANY

Question 36

what type of mycobacterium is phagocytosed by macrophages but evades killing?

Answer 36

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Question 37

what type of cells respond to antigen presentation by MHC class I?

Answer 37

CD8+ T cells

Question 38

MHC class I presents antigens via the E\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ pathway

Answer 38

endogenous

Question 39

what type of cells recognise antigens displayed on MHC class II?

Answer 39

CD4+ T cells

Question 40

MHC class II presents antigens via the E\_\_\_\_\_\_ pathway

Answer 40

exogenous

Question 41

no idea what we're supposed to learn from this image, but it seems important

Question 42

what do CD4 cells release when presented with antigen on MHC class II?

Answer 42

cytokine IFN-y

Question 43

what do CD8 cells release when presented with antigen on MHC class I?

Answer 43

3 cytolytic things - granzymes, perforin and fas ligand 2 cytokines - IFN-y and TNF-a

Question 44

Induced Treg cells 1. what cytokines cause a naive CD4 T cells to mature into this? 2. what cytokines do these cells produce/release and what is its effect?

Answer 44

1. IL-2 and TGF-beta 2. IL-10 - regulation, suppression of inflammatory response

Question 45

Th17 cell 1. what cytokines cause naive CD4 T cells to mature into this? 2. what cytokines do these cells produce/release and what is its effect?

Answer 45

1. IL-6 and TGF-beta 2. IL-17A, IL-17F and IL-22 - inflammation

Question 46

Th2 cells 1. what cytokines cause naive CD4 T cells to mature into this? 2. what cytokines do these cells produce/release and what is its effect?

Answer 46

1. IL-4 2. IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 - allergic and helminth responses

Question 47

Tfh cells 1. what cytokines cause naive CD4 T cells to mature into this? 2. what cytokines do these cells produce/release and what is its effect?

Answer 47

1. IL-6 and IL-21 2. IL-4 and IL-21 - germinal centre help

Question 48

Th1 cells 1. what cytokines cause naive CD4 T cells to mature into this? 2. what cytokines do these cells produce/release and what is its effect?

Answer 48

1. IL-12, IFNy 2. IFNy, TNF - macrophage activation, inflammation

Question 49

Cytolytic CD4 T cell 1. what cytokines cause naive CD4 T cells to mature into this? 2. what cytokines do these cells produce/release and what is its effect?

Answer 49

1. IL-2 2. granzyme B, perforin, Fas ligand (FASL) - kills infected cells

Question 50

what is a granuloma and what infection would you most commonly find one in?

Answer 50

a bunch of leukocytes and necrotic cells at the site of infection, commonly seen in TB

Question 51

what do T follicular helper (Tfh) cells do?

Answer 51

provide help for B cells in germinal centres

Question 52

give one mechanism used by T-reg cells

Answer 52

Question 53

what type of T cell helps CD8 cells in their response?

Answer 53

CD4

Question 54

what does class I HLA do?

Answer 54

present peptides ( ie fragments of virus) to CD8

Question 55

where in the body are naive T cells presented with antigens?

Answer 55

lymph nodes

Question 56

what is the name of the process where lymphocytes with an affinity for self-antigens are deleted? where does this happen?

Answer 56

central tolerance, in the bone marrow or thymus

Question 57

where does peripheral tolerance occur?

Answer 57

lymphoid organs (lymph nodes and spleen)