Week 7 - Learning Perspective Flashcards
Unconditioned or unconditional response (UR)
A reflexive response to an unconditioned stimulus.
Unconditioned or unconditional stimulus (US)
A stimulus that causes a reflexive (unconditioned) response.
Conditioned or conditional stimulus (CS)
A neutral stimulus that’s paired with a US to become conditioned.
Conditioned or conditional response (CR)
A response to the CS that’s acquired by classical conditioning.
Higher-order conditioning
An event in which a former CS now acts as a US in a new instance of conditioning.
Generalization
Responding in a similar manner to somewhat different stimuli.
Discrimination
Responding in a different manner to different stimuli.
Extinction
In classical conditioning, the reduction of a CR by repeating the CS without the US; in instrumental conditioning, the reduction of a behavioral tendency by removing reinforcement.
Emotional conditioning
Classical conditioning in which the CR is an emotional reaction.
Instrumental or operant conditioning
Conditioning in which a behavior becomes more likely because it’s followed by a desirable event or less likely because it’s followed by an undesirable event.
Habit hierarchy
The ordering of a person’s potential responses by their likelihood.
Law of effect
linking an action, an outcome, and a change in the likelihood of future action
Reinforcer
An event that makes the behavior that came before it more likely to occur again.
Reinforcer types beyond pos neg (2)
A primary reinforcer diminishes a biological need.
A secondary reinforcer has acquired reinforcing properties by association with a primary reinforcer (through classical conditioning) or by virtue of the fact that it can be used to get primary reinforcers
Punisher
An undesired event that makes the behavior that came before it less likely to occur again.
Punishment can also be primary or secondary. That is, some events are intrinsically aversive (e.g., pain). Others are aversive because of their associations with primary punishers.
Positive reinforcement
A reinforcement involving the addition of a desired stimulus.
Negative reinforcement
The removal of an aversive stimulus.
Time out
A punishment in which a child is temporarily removed from an enjoyable activity.
Discriminative stimulus
A cue that controls the occurrence of behavior.
schedules of reinforcement.
continuous reinforcement
partial reinforcement
continuous reinforcement
A schedule in which reinforcement follows each instance of the behavior.
partial reinforcement
A schedule in which the behavior is reinforced less often than every time it occurs.
Partial reinforcement effect
The fact that a behavior acquired through partial reinforcement is resistant to extinction.
Self-reinforcement
The approval you give yourself for your own behavior.
vicarious emotional arousal
The tendency to feel someone else’s feelings along with him or her; also called empathy.
Vicarious classical conditioning
Conditioning in which the unconditioned response occurs via empathy.
Vicarious reinforcement
An event in which a reinforcement experienced by someone else has a reinforcing effect on your own behavior.
Outcome expectancy
A judgment about how likely a specific behavior is to attain a specific goal.
Efficacy expectancy (aka Self-efficacy)
Confidence of being able to do something successfully.
Observational learning
Acquiring the ability to do a new behavior by watching someone else do it.
Four categories of variables that impact observational learning:
Attention for Encoding
-Characteristics of the model: Is the model attractive or powerful or an expert?
-Characteristics of the behavior: Is the behavior distinctive, clear, and simple?
-Characteristics of the observer: Is the observer motivated to attend and capable of attending?
Retention
-Use of imagery as an encoding strategy
-Use of language as an encoding strategy
-Use of mental rehearsal to keep in memory
Production
-Observer’s capacity to produce necessary responses
-Observer’s prior experience with overall behavior
-Observer’s prior experience with components of behavior
Performance
-Consequences to the model: Is the model rewarded or punished, or are there no consequences?
-Consequences to the observer: Is the observer rewarded or punished, or are there no consequences?
Symbolic models
Models in print, movies, TV, and so on.
From the view of conditioning theories, personality is…
largely the accumulation of a person’s conditioned tendencies
Physiological assessment
The measuring of physiological aspects of emotional reactions.
Behavioral assessment
An assessment made by observing a person’s overt behavior.
Behavior modification or behavior therapy
A therapeutic approach in which conditioning processes are used to change behavior.
Systematic desensitization
A therapeutic procedure intended to extinguish fear.
Counterconditioning (phobias)
People are first taught to relax thoroughly. That relaxation response is then used to counteract or replace fear in the presence of the phobic stimulus, a process termed counterconditioning.
Exposure treatments
Treatments in which people stay focused on the distressing topic until well after their anxiety reaction dissipates.
Contingency management
Programs in which reinforcement is increased for desired behaviors and withheld after undesired behaviors.
Skill deficit
The absence or insufficiency of a needed behavior or skill.
Mastery model
A model that displays no fear.
Coping model
A model that displays fear but ultimately handles it.
Participant modeling
The act of practicing a behavior that’s hard for you while using the therapist as a model.
