Week 7 - Learning Perspective

Question 1

Unconditioned or unconditional response (UR)

Answer 1

A reflexive response to an unconditioned stimulus.

Question 2

Unconditioned or unconditional stimulus (US)

Answer 2

A stimulus that causes a reflexive (unconditioned) response.

Question 3

Conditioned or conditional stimulus (CS)

Answer 3

A neutral stimulus that’s paired with a US to become conditioned.

Question 4

Conditioned or conditional response (CR)

Answer 4

A response to the CS that’s acquired by classical conditioning.

Question 5

Higher-order conditioning

Answer 5

An event in which a former CS now acts as a US in a new instance of conditioning.

Question 6

Generalization

Answer 6

Responding in a similar manner to somewhat different stimuli.

Question 7

Discrimination

Answer 7

Responding in a different manner to ­different stimuli.

Question 8

Extinction

Answer 8

In classical conditioning, the reduction of a CR by repeating the CS without the US; in instrumental conditioning, the reduction of a behavioral tendency by removing reinforcement.

Question 9

Emotional conditioning

Answer 9

Classical conditioning in which the CR is an emotional reaction.

Question 10

Instrumental or operant conditioning

Answer 10

Conditioning in which a behavior becomes more likely because it’s followed by a desirable event or less likely because it’s followed by an undesirable event.

Question 11

Habit hierarchy

Answer 11

The ordering of a person’s potential responses by their likelihood.

Question 12

Law of effect

Answer 12

linking an action, an outcome, and a change in the likelihood of future action

Question 13

Reinforcer

Answer 13

An event that makes the behavior that came before it more likely to occur again.

Question 14

Reinforcer types beyond pos neg (2)

Answer 14

A primary reinforcer diminishes a biological need.

A secondary reinforcer has acquired reinforcing properties by association with a primary reinforcer (through classical conditioning) or by virtue of the fact that it can be used to get primary reinforcers

Question 15

Punisher

Answer 15

An undesired event that makes the behavior that came before it less likely to occur again.

Punishment can also be primary or secondary. That is, some events are intrinsically aversive (e.g., pain). Others are aversive because of their associations with primary punishers.

Question 16

Positive reinforcement

Answer 16

A reinforcement involving the ­addition of a desired stimulus.

Question 17

Negative reinforcement

Answer 17

The removal of an aversive stimulus.

Question 18

Time out

Answer 18

A punishment in which a child is temporarily removed from an enjoyable activity.

Question 19

Discriminative stimulus

Answer 19

A cue that controls the occurrence of behavior.

Question 20

schedules of reinforcement.

Answer 20

continuous reinforcement
partial reinforcement

Question 21

continuous reinforcement

Answer 21

A schedule in which reinforcement follows each instance of the behavior.

Question 22

partial reinforcement

Answer 22

A schedule in which the behavior is reinforced less often than every time it occurs.

Question 23

Partial reinforcement effect

Answer 23

The fact that a behavior acquired through partial reinforcement is resistant to extinction.

Question 24

Self-reinforcement

Answer 24

The approval you give yourself for your own behavior.

Question 25

vicarious emotional arousal

Answer 25

The tendency to feel someone else’s feelings along with him or her; also called empathy.

Question 26

Vicarious classical conditioning

Answer 26

Conditioning in which the unconditioned response occurs via empathy.

Question 27

Vicarious reinforcement

Answer 27

An event in which a reinforcement experienced by someone else has a reinforcing effect on your own behavior.

Question 28

Outcome expectancy

Answer 28

A judgment about how likely a specific behavior is to attain a specific goal.

Question 29

Efficacy expectancy (aka Self-efficacy)

Answer 29

Confidence of being able to do ­something successfully.

Question 30

Observational learning

Answer 30

Acquiring the ability to do a new behavior by watching someone else do it.

Question 31

Four categories of variables that impact observational learning:

Answer 31

Attention for Encoding
-Characteristics of the model: Is the model attractive or powerful or an expert?
-Characteristics of the behavior: Is the behavior distinctive, clear, and simple?
-Characteristics of the observer: Is the observer motivated to attend and capable of attending?

Retention
-Use of imagery as an encoding strategy
-Use of language as an encoding strategy
-Use of mental rehearsal to keep in memory

Production
-Observer’s capacity to produce necessary responses
-Observer’s prior experience with overall behavior
-Observer’s prior experience with components of behavior

Performance
-Consequences to the model: Is the model rewarded or punished, or are there no consequences?
-Consequences to the observer: Is the observer rewarded or punished, or are there no consequences?

Question 32

Symbolic models

Answer 32

Models in print, movies, TV, and so on.

Question 33

From the view of conditioning theories, personality is…

Answer 33

largely the accumulation of a person’s conditioned tendencies

Question 34

Physiological assessment

Answer 34

The measuring of physiological aspects of emotional reactions.

Question 35

Behavioral assessment

Answer 35

An assessment made by observing a person’s overt behavior.

Question 36

Behavior modification or behavior therapy

Answer 36

A therapeutic approach in which conditioning processes are used to change behavior.

Question 37

Systematic desensitization

Answer 37

A therapeutic procedure intended to extinguish fear.

Question 38

Counterconditioning (phobias)

Answer 38

People are first taught to relax thoroughly. That relaxation response is then used to counteract or replace fear in the presence of the phobic stimulus, a process termed counterconditioning.

Question 39

Exposure treatments

Answer 39

Treatments in which people stay focused on the distressing topic until well after their anxiety reaction dissipates.

Question 40

Contingency management

Answer 40

Programs in which reinforcement is increased for desired behaviors and withheld after undesired behaviors.

Question 41

Skill deficit

Answer 41

The absence or insufficiency of a needed behavior or skill.

Question 42

Mastery model

Answer 42

A model that displays no fear.

Question 43

Coping model

Answer 43

A model that displays fear but ultimately handles it.

Question 44

Participant modeling

Answer 44

The act of practicing a behavior that’s hard for you while using the therapist as a model.