Week 7 - Language Development Flashcards
All slide + textbook information added
define receptive language
language that an individual can understand
define productive language
language that an individual can produce or generate on their own
what are phonemes?
the basic units of sounds used in a given language
what are morphemes?
the smallest unit of language that has meaning
what is morphology?
the understanding of the ways that sounds combine to form words
what is phonology?
knowledge of sounds used in a language
what are semantics?
the meaning or content of words and
sentences
what is syntax?
the knowledge of the structure of sentences
what are pragmatics?
the practical application of
language for everyday communication
(understanding how to use language
to communicate effectively)
what is cooing?
infants making repetitive vowel sounds
what is babbling?
infants repeating syllables beginning around 6 months old
what are holophrases?
a one-word expression used to convey a complete thought
what is fast mapping?
a process by which children learn new words after only a brief encounter, connecting it with their own mental categories
what is a naming explosion/vocabulary spurt?
a period of vocabulary learning that begins about 16-18 months of age
what is underextension?
a vocabulary error in which the infant applies a word too narrowly to a single object rather than the more appropriate, wider class of objects
what is overextension?
a vocabulary error in which the infant applies a word to broadly to a wider class of objects than appropriate
what is telegraphic speech?
small two word sentences to express a thought
what is logical extension?
a strategy children use to increase their vocabulary in which they extend a new word to other objects in the same category
what is mutual exclusivity assumption?
when learning new words, young kids assume that objects have only one name or label
what are overregularization errors?
grammatical mistakes that children make because they apply grammatical rules incorrectly
what is private speech?
self-directed speech that children use to guide behaviour
very developmentally appropriate - helps to practice and apply language
what is self-regulation?
the ability to control one’s impulses and appropriately direct behaviour
what is metalinguistic awareness?
becoming aware of the knowledge and learning process of language, can start to identify where they learned things
what is the main language-related deficit that older adults experience?
difficulty recalling specific words
what is infant-directed speech?
using shorter words and sentences, higher and more varied pitch, repetitions, a slower rate, and longer pauses
facilitates language development by making sounds more exaggerated
how is SES related to language development?
higher SES is correlated with better language development, lower SES is correlated * with deficits in cognitive and language development
- also associated with malnutrition, slower growth
c
has baby signing been shown to improve language development?
no. while it may allow infants to communicate before they can use words, it does not improve the speed at which they will acquire language
what is the 30 million word gap?
a term to describe how children of higher SES encounter an average of ~30 million words through age 4 compared to peers of lower SES
what is dual-language learning?
a system in which english speaking and non-english speaking students learn together in both languages, which are equally valued
what is the learning theory of language development ?
language is learned through reinforcement, punishment, and imitation
what is the nativist theory of language development ?
despite wide variations in circumstances, living situations, and contexts, children around the world achieve language milestones at about the same time
what is the interactionist theory of language development ?
children have an inborn sensitivity to language and can discriminate a wide variety of speech sounds, including those that adults cannot distinguish; language development occurs in a social context
