Week 7 Flashcards
What is difference between values/ beliefs/ attitudes
attitude: mental positions/ feelings (good vs. bad)
Values: enduring beliefs or attitudes
belief: a conclusion ab what we see to be true (true/ false)
What is attitudes
mental positions/ feelings
(good vs. bad)
What is value
enduring beliefs or attitudes
- beliefs & attitude
3 types of values:
1. person value: the standards that we live our life on
2. professional values: the principles that guide our professional work
3. organizational values: the principles that guide the service (acutual treatment we provide)
What is beliefs
a conclusion ab what we see to be true (true/ false)
- might be based on feelings (not facts like religion)
What is CNA code of ethics
:outlines nurses’ professional values and ethical commitments to their patients and the communities they serve
Statements of ethical values as nurses & our commitments to person with health-care needs and people receiving care
(part of people’s self-reglatory is binding to the code of ethics)
(CNA code of ethics)
provides guidance for ethical relationships, responsibilities, behaviours & decision-making and it is to be used in conjunctions w/ professional standards, best practies, research, laws and regulations that guide practice
7 primary values & responsibility statements related to each value:
CNA code of ethics
- providing safe, compassionate, competent and ethical care
- promoting health and well-being
- promoting and respecting informed decision-making
- honouring digniy
- maintaining privacry and confidentiality
- promoting justice
- being accountable
Revisions to the cod eof ethics normally occur every 5-7 years
repsponsibility, accountability and advocacy in nursing
responsibility: reliability & dependability
Accountatbility: fidelity & veracity
- dielity: nurses must be loyal to the profession & the patients they care for (based on loyalty, promise-keeping and truth-telling)
- veracity: nurses must always tell the truth
advocacy: acting on a person’s behalf
- speaking for person who cannot speak for themselves, or intervening to ensure that veiws are heard = our patients
- “to create equity and better heatlh for all “
What is responsibility
responsibility: reliability & dependability
- implies an ability to distinguish between right and wrong
- in professional nursing, it includes a duty to perform action adequately and thoughtfully
What is accountability
Accountatbility: fidelity & veracity
- fidelity: nurses must be loyal to the profession & the patients they care for (based on loyalty, promise-keeping and truth-telling)
- veracity: nurses must always tell the truth
= being able to accept responsibility or account for one’s actions (to be answerable to someone for something one has done)
* being ethically accountable does not mean that you will make the “right” decision basedo n what others believe; rather, it jsustifies whatever decision you do make
advocacy
advocacy: acting on a person’s behalf
- speaking for person who cannot speak for themselves, or intervening to ensure that veiws are heard = our patients
- recognize the need for improvement of systems and societal structures “to create equity and better heatlh for all (also for health policies & issues that affect patients and fam members)
what is ethics
the study of good conduct, character and motives and it is concerned with what is good and valuable for all people
- focused on reflective analysis of those norms of principles and putting them into action
types of etical theory
1) philosophical theories (moral philosophy)
2) several ethical theories & principles:
1. descriptive (moral) theories
2. metaethics
3. normative ethics
4. applied ehtics (practie ethics)
Types of ethical theories & principles
1) descriptive (moral) theories
: explains what people do or think ab moral issues
e.g. theories explain the rules, moral and principles people use when making mordal decisions
2) metaethics
: the filled of ethics that analyzes the meanings of the term such as right, obligation, good and virture; attepting to distinguish what is moral and what is not
3) normative ethics
: prescriptive in that it tells us how we ought to (의무) think ab moral questions
4) applied ethics (or practical ethics)
: we look at how decisions should be made unparticular situations & ask questions ab what moral belief and situations should apply in specific context
- “right” or “ought”
- a.k.a. practical ethics asks questions the rules, morals and principles people use when making decisions
What is autonomy
: refers to one’s freedom or self- dtermination
- HCP express respect for autonomy (1) assists patients with deciding on and achieving their own health goals by 2 ensuring that care palns are consistent w/ patients’ wishes
- assumes the person is competent (has the ability to decide rationally rather than imppulsively; and has the ability to act upon those decisions and choices)
What is beneficence
: promoting someone else’s good or well-being
- speaks directly to duty or obligation (as in denotological theories)
- commitment to beneficence helps guide difficult decisions concerning whether the benefits of a treatment may be challenged by risks to the patient’s well-being or dignity (e.g. deciding getting treatment of cancers at level 4)
- requires that the best interest of the patients remain more important than self-interest
similar to denotology
What is nonmaleficence
: the avoidance of harm or hurt (maleficence refers to harm or hurt)
- the principle is often helpful in guiding discussions ab new or controversial technologies
- promotes a coninuing effort to consider the potential for harm even when action being considered may be necessary to promote health
what is justice (social justice)
: refers to fariness and equity
Theories of justice focus on how we treat individuals and groups within society;
- how we distribute benefits & burdens in an equitable way
- how we compensate those who have been unfairy burdened or harmed
What is morality
: morality concerned with norms, principles or what “ought to be”, while ethics is focused on reflective analysis about those norms or principles & putting them into action
- often ethics & morality are used interchangeably
What is deontology
: a moral philosophy theory that judges actions based on whether they follow a set of rules, rather than by their consequences.
- actions are defined as right/ wrong according to moral duties, principles, rules or imperatives
- the role of the moral agent (nurse) is to discern what their duties are and to act consistently with, and in the spirit of, those duties
DO NOT look to the consequennces of actions to determine rightness or wrongness, regardless of outcome
= if the act is just and repects autonomy and provides, it is ethical
* instead, they critically examine a situation for the existence of essential rightness or wrongness
* making sure the patients has autonomy, when they are part of their own care = there is mroe chance for success
What is utilitarianism
(= consequentialism)
- its main emphasis on the outcome or consequences of an action
DIfference between utilitarianism & deontology
: the focus of the former on consequences and outcomes
1) deontology: concerns the presence of principles, regardless of outcome
2) utilitarianism: concerns the effect that an act will have (outcome)
What is relational ethics
= “understanding of the relationship”
the basis of ehtics in nursing
- ethical understanding is formed in & comes from a person’s relationship (patient, family, community, colleagues)
- most helpful in decision-making at the individual level
- recognizing that all healthcare interactions are human-centered
1) environment: concerns critical elements or characterisitcs of health care system within which a nurse works and how the nature of the nurse’s relationship is affected by this system
2) embodiment: refers to knowledge generated from the mind, body and spirit
- the notion of a mind-body split is an aritifical construct
- healing for both patient and family cannot occur unless sceintific knowledge and human compassion are given equal weight
3) mutuality: loosely defined as a relationship that benefits both the nurse and the patinet (and harms neither)
4) engagement: connecting w/ another person in an open, trusting and responsive manner
What is bioethics
= autonomy/ beneficence/ nonmaleficence/ justice
: came to denote ethical reasoning for physicians, whereas bioethics became the general term for principled reasoning across healthcare profession
- based on obligation, outcome and reason
- the central idea = health care ethics
: that moral decision-making in health care should be guided by autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence and justice
