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Z Phase 1 Others > Week 7 > Flashcards

Week 7 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the lungs divided into lobes by?

A

transverse and oblique fissures

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2
Q

How many lobes are in the right lung?

A

3

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3
Q

How many lobes are in the left lung?

A

2

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4
Q

What happens at the hilum?

A

The vessels, nerves and lymphatics enter the lungs`

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5
Q

Where do the vessels nerves and lymphatics enter the lungs?

A

The lung root or hilum

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6
Q

What are the lobes divided into?

A

Wedge shaped bronchopulmonary segments

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7
Q

Where are the apices of the bronchopulmonary segments?

A

The hilum

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8
Q

Where are the bases of the bronchopulmonary segments?

A

Lung surface

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9
Q

What are the broncopulmonary segments supplied by?

A

Its own segmental bronchus, artery and vein

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10
Q

What is the apex?

A

The most superior tip of each lung. It protrudes above the clavicle

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11
Q

What is the base?

A

The inferior concave surface that rests on the diaphragm

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12
Q

What is the hilum?

A

The triangular region on the medial surface of the lung

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13
Q

What are fissures?

A

Narrow depressions that divide the left and right lungs into their lobes

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14
Q

What is the cardiac impression?

A

A concavity situated on the anteroinferior and medial surface of each lung, in which the heart rests

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15
Q

What are pleura?

A

The double sheet of membrane that covers the lungs. Each lung has its own pluera

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16
Q

What are the two types of pleura called?

A

Visceral and parietal

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17
Q

What is the visceral pleura?

A

The innermost layer that adheres closely to the surface of the lung and into the interlobar fissures

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18
Q

What is the parietal pleura?

A

The outer layer which lines the thoracic wall, diaphragm and structures within the mediastinum

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19
Q

What is the pleural cavity?

A

The space between the two membranes

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20
Q

What should the pleural cavity be in a normal person?

A

It should be a potential space as both layers are in close contact

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21
Q

What happens with the pleura during respiration?

A

The layers slide over each other with the help of pleural fluid.

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22
Q

What are alveoli?

A

Tiny, thin walled air sacs with a rich blood supply.

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23
Q

How thick are the walls of alveoli?

A

Just one cell thick, as are the capillaries that surround them allowing for easier diffusion of gases

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24
Q

What are alveolar ducts?

A

Present on the distal end of respirator bronchioles. They branch into alveolar sacs.

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25
Q

What are alveolar sacs?

A

The terminal dilation’s of the alveolar ducts. They connect at least two alveoli

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26
Q

What does the upper respiratory tract consist of?

A

The nasal cavity, pharynx and their associated structures

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27
Q

Where does air enter the respiratory tract?

A

The nasal cavity through two openings called the anterior nares (nostrils)

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28
Q

What are the anterior nares supported by?

A

The alar cartilages

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29
Q

What is the vestibule?

A

A small space inside the nostrils, covered in a dense network of hair,which filters out particles that maybe present in the inhaled air

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30
Q

Where does the air go after the nasal cavity?

A

Backward and downwards into the pharynx

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31
Q

What does the pharynx consist of?

A

Nasopharynx,oropharynx and laryngopharynx

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32
Q

What is the Nasopharynx?

A

Connects the nasal cavity to the oropharynx and is seperated from the oral cavity by the soft palate

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33
Q

What is the oropharynx?

A

Sits between the soft palate and the upper border of the epiglottis, and posterior to the oral cavity

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34
Q

What is the layrngopharynx?

A

Lies behind the larynx and terminates at the level of the cricoid cartilage by becoming continuous with the esophagus.

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35
Q

What make up the central components of the ANS?

A

hypothalamus
brainstem
spinal cord

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36
Q

What makes up the peripheral components of the ANS?

A

sympathetic nerves
parasympathetic nerves

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37
Q

what are the main functions of the ANS?

A

mediate neuronal regulation of the internal environment
coordinate body function necessary for survival
regulate removal of waste products from the body
prepare the body for normal and life-threatening stress

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38
Q

Describe activities of the sympathetic nervous system

A

accelerates heart rate
causes constriction of peripheral blood vessels
raises blood pressure
brings about redistribution of the blood - leaves areas of skin and intestine and becomes available to the brain, heart and skeletal muscles
Inhibits peristalsis of the intestinal tract and closes the sphincters

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39
Q

What are the primary neurotransmitters?

A

Sympathetic - noradrenaline, adrenaline
Parasympathetic - Acetylcholine

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40
Q

what does the ANS control?

A

cardiorespiratory function
digestion
genitourinary
sexual
stress response
exercise ability

41
Q

Where is the origin of the sympathetic NS?

A

thoracolumbar
(except cervical ganglia)

42
Q

What is the neurotransmitter for the sympathetic NS?

A

Noradrenaline
(except sweat glands and deep muscle vessels use ACH)

43
Q

What do alpha 1 receptors control?

A

arteriole constriction

44
Q

What do alpha 2 receptors control?

A

venous and coronary vasoconstriction

45
Q

What do beta 1 receptors control?

A

mainly heart, adrenal glands and renal

46
Q

What do beta 2 receptors do?

A

lungs

47
Q

Where is the origin of the parasympathetic NS?

A

Craniosacral outflow

48
Q

Where are the parasympathetic ganglia?

A

diffuse near site of action

49
Q

What do muscarinic receptors do?

A

smooth muscle and salivary glands

50
Q

What do nicotinic receptors do?

A

on motor end plate (near skeletal muscles)

51
Q

What are the functions of the brain stem?

A

cranial nerve function
conduit function - spinothalamic, corticospinal
integrative functions - respiration, cardiovascular, sleep, arousal, conciousness

52
Q

What is the result of brain stem death?

A

paralysis and unconsciousness
apnoea
loss of cranial nerve function

53
Q

What is blood pressure?

A

the pressure exerted by circulating blood upon the walls of blood vessels.
BP usually refers to arterial pressure in the systemic circulation

54
Q

Which physical features affect blood pressure?

A

blood volume
resistance - radius, length and smoothness of vessels
viscosity of fluid

55
Q

Define pressure (in equation)

A

P = Q X R

56
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

stroke volume X heart rate

57
Q

What is MAP?

A

cardiac output X total peripheral resistance

58
Q

What are the physiological aspects of changes in BP?

A

gradual rise with age
greater rise in males
varies through the day - lowest when sleeping
increased transiently during physical or mental stress

59
Q

What is Poiseuille’s equation?

A

Q = pressure X Pi X radius4 / 8nL

60
Q

What are baroreceptors?

A

stretch receptors
found in carotid sinus and aorta
changes in pressure lead to changes in heart rate and vasomotor control

61
Q

How can peripheral resistance be controlled?

A

vasomotor mechanism
vasoconstriction increases TPR and therefore BP

62
Q

Describe the mechanisms for the control of blood volume

A

ADH - increases water retained by kidneys
Renin - secretion of aldosterone - increased Na+ retention- increased water retention
angiotensin II - vasoconstriction
anti-natriuretic hormone - increases Na+ loss, promotes vasodilation

63
Q

What is the neural mechanism of vasovagal syncope?

A

simultaneous vagal activation and sympathetic inhibition during fainting

64
Q

Why can emotional events evoke vasovagal fainting?

A

one of the neural pathways descends from the portico-hypothalamar centres to the medullary cardiovascular centres

65
Q

What is the cardioinhibitory response?

A

drop in heart rate (negative chronotropic effect) primarily from enhancement of parasympathetic tone

66
Q

What is the vasodepressor response?

A

vasodilation due to withdrawal of sympathetic nerve tone

67
Q

what are the functions of the cardiovascular system?

A

transport of nutrients, oxygen and waste products around the body
transfer of heat
buffers body pH
transport of hormones
assists in response to infection
assists in formation of urine

68
Q

What is the first heart sound?

A

AV valves closing

69
Q

What is the second heart sound?

A

pulmonary and aortic valves closing

70
Q

what is EDV?

A

end diastolic volume
the amount of blood remaining in the ventricles after systole

71
Q

what is the normal cardiac output?

A

5 litres / minute

72
Q

Describe conduction and contraction of the heart

A

impulses generated in the SA node spread over the atria followed by the ventricles
SA node has fastest intrinsic rate so determines heart rate
AV node slows conduction and can act as a second pacemaker if required
millions of purkinje fibres interdigitate with myocytes to spread the impulse across ventricles - excitation contraction coupling

73
Q

Describe an ECG

A

electrocardiogram
detects phasic changes in potential difference between two electrodes

74
Q

what is the p wave?

A

atrial depolarisation

75
Q

What is the QRS complex?

A

ventricular depolarisation

76
Q

What is the T wave?

A

ventricular depolarisation

77
Q

what is the PR interval?

A

delay through AV node

78
Q

what is the ST interval?

A

plateau phase of AP

79
Q

how is heart rate decreased?

A

increased K+ permeability means more time to threshold
action of ACh from vagal nerve

80
Q

how is heart rate increased?

A

Increased Ca2+ permeability means less time to threshold
action of (Nor)adrenaline

81
Q

describe the factors affecting capillary transport

A

the blood in the capillaries experts a pressure on the capillary wall (hydrostatic pressure)
this tends to favour movement of fluid out of the capillaries
The plasma has intrinsic osmotic pressure due to plasma proteins (colloid pressure)
This tends to favour movement of fluid into the capillaries

82
Q

what are the functions of the nervous system?

A

communication
regulating internal events
organising behaviour
information storage
sensations, perceptions, emotions

83
Q

Which cells from myelin in the CNS?

A

oligodendrocytes

84
Q

what cells form myelin in the PNS?

A

Shwann cells

85
Q

what do astrocytes do?

A

involved in nutrient supply to neurons on CNS

86
Q

What do ependymal cells do?

A

involved in production of CSF

87
Q

What do microglia do?

A

defence role - phagocytic

88
Q

what does the frontal lobe do?

A

“executive” functions, long term memory

89
Q

What does the parietal lobe do?

A

integration of sensory function

90
Q

what does the occipital lobe do?

A

visual processing

91
Q

what does the temporal lobe do?

A

primary auditory cortex

92
Q

what are dorsal roots?

A

sensory

93
Q

What are ventral roots?

A

motor

94
Q

what do dorsal root ganglia contain?

A

all cell bodies of primary sensory neurons

95
Q

what is a nerve plexus?

A

the peripheral nerves that supply particular body regions

96
Q

name the cranial nerves

A
  1. olfactory
  2. optic
  3. oculomotor
  4. trochlear
  5. trigeminal
  6. abducens
  7. facial
  8. vestibulocochlear
  9. glossopharyngeal
  10. vagus
  11. spinal accessory
  12. hypoglossal
97
Q

What are individual nerve fibres coated by?

A

endoneurium

98
Q

What are nerve fascicles coated by?

A

perineurium

99
Q

What are peripheral nerves coated by?

A

epineurium

Z Phase 1 Others (11 decks)

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