week 7

Question 1

neurodevelopment disorders

Answer 1

include attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder; autism spectrum disorder; intellectual disability; and learning, communication and motor disorder. They typically arise first in childhood.

Question 2

neurocognitive disorders

Answer 2

disorders that typically arise in older age

Question 3

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

Answer 3

people who have tremendous trouble learning skills like paying attention, controlling their impulses and organizing their behaviours so that they can accomplish long-term goals may be diagnosed.

Question 4

three subtypes presentations of ADHD

Answer 4

• the combined presentation: requires six or more symptoms of inattention and six more symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsivity
• predominantly inattentive presentation: is diagnosed if six or more symptoms of inattention, but less than six symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsivity are present
• predominantly hyperactive/impulsive presentation: is diagnosed if six or more symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsivity, but less than six symptoms of inattention are present.

Question 5

Biological factors (ADHD)

Answer 5

it appears to be tied to fundamental abnormalities in the brain. in areas such as the prefrontal cortex, the striatum and the cerebellum. the cerebral cortex is smaller in volume in children, and areas of the brain that influence motor behaviour. it is associated with low birth weight, premature delivery and difficult delivery leading to oxygen deprivation

Question 6

psychological and social factors

Answer 6

children with ADHD are more likely to belong to families that experience frequent disruptions and in which the parents are prone to aggressive and hostile behaviour and substance abuse.

Question 7

treatments for ADHD

Answer 7

most are treated with stimulant drugs, such as ritalin, which decrease demanding, disruptive, noncompliant behaviour and increase positive mood. the side effects include reduced appetite, insomnia, edginess and gastrointestinal upset. other drugs atomoxetine, clonidine and guanfacine, which are not stimulants but affect norepinephrine levels.
behavioural therapies focus on reinforcing attentive, goals directed, prosocial behaviours and extinguish impulsive and hyperactive behaviours.

Question 8

autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

Answer 8

involves impairment in two fundamental behaviour domains-deficits in social interactions and communications and restricted, repetitive patterns of behaviour, interest and activities.

Question 9

echolalia (ASD)

Answer 9

is simply echoing what one has just heard and not generating own words. when trying language is one-sided and lacks reciprocity.

Question 10

self-stimulatory behaviours

Answer 10

such as incessantly flapping their hands.

Question 11

diagnosis of autism

Answer 11

symptoms must have their onset in early childhood and there is wide variation in the severity and outcome of this disorder. because the disorder presents differently depending on symptom severity, developmental level and age, the DSM-5 uses the term ‘‘spectrum’’.

Question 12

contributors to autism spectrum disorder

Answer 12

genetics seem to play a role and children with the disorder have a higher than average rate of other genetic disorders associated with cognitive impairment.
they also show abnormal functioning in brain areas that are related to the perception of facial expressions, joint attention, empathy and thinking about social situations

Question 13

treatments for autism spectrum disorder

Answer 13

• SSRI’s appear to reduce repetitive behaviours and aggression and improve social interaction in some people with the disorder.
• atypical antipsychotic medications are used to reduce obsessive and repetitive behaviours and to improve self-control and stimulants are used to improve attention,
• psychosocial therapies combine behavioural techniques and structured educational services.
• operant conditioning strategies are used to reduce excessive behaviours and to alleviate deficits or delays.

Question 14

intellectual disability (ID)

Answer 14

involves significant deficits in intellectual abilities, such as abstract thinking, reasoning, learning, problem-solving, planning and in life functioning.

Question 15

intellectual disability three broad domains

Answer 15

• conceptual domain (cognitive skills)
• social domain (interpersonal skills)
• practical domain (personal care)

Question 16

DSM-5 classifies ID into four levels of severity

Answer 16

• mild: limitations in ability to acquire typical academic or job-related skills, may seem immature in social interactions and overly concrete in their communication. They are able to take care of themselves except in complex situation.
• moderate: significant delays in language development, physically clumsy, trouble dressing and feeding themselves and typically don’t achieve beyond the second-grade level in academic skills.
• severe: limited vocabulary and may speak in two speak in two- or three word sentences, may have significant deficits in motor development, cannot cook for themselves and require support in life.

Question 17

IQ score ID

Answer 17

individuals generally have scores of 65-75, which is below the mean IQ score of the general population

Question 18

genetic factors (ID)

Answer 18

300 genes affecting brain development and functioning have been implicated in te development of ID. one of the best known cases of the disorder is down syndrome, which occurs when chromosome 21 is present.

Question 19

brain damage during gestation and early life (ID)

Answer 19

intellectual development can be profoundly affected by the fetus’ prenatal environment. high blood pressure and diabetes can interfere with fetal nutrition and brain development of the fetus. severe head traumas can also lead to ID.

Question 20

fetal alcohol syndrome

Answer 20

when mothers abuse alcohol during pregnancy are at increased risk for this syndrome.

Question 21

drug therapy (intellectual disability)

Answer 21

medications are used to reduce seizures to control aggressive or self-injurious behaviour and to improve mood (antidepressants, neuroleptic medication and atypical antipsychotics)

Question 22

behavioural strategies (intellectual disability)

Answer 22

a child’s parents or caregivers and teachers can work together using behavioural strategies to enhance the child’s positive behaviours and reduce negative behaviours.

Question 23

social programs (intellectual disability)

Answer 23

have focused on the integration of the child into the mainstream where possible, placement in group homes and institutionalization when necessary. the earlier these interventions begin the greater the chance that the child will develop to his or her full potential.

Question 24

specific learning disorders

Answer 24

have deficits in one or more academic skills; reading, written expression and/or mathematics. often struggle with low academic performance or have put forth extraordinary high levels of effort to achieve average grades.

Question 25

communication disorder

Answer 25

involve persistent difficulties in the acquisition and use of language and other means of communication.

Question 26

language disorder

Answer 26

have difficulties with spoken language, written and other modalities in language.

Question 27

speech sound disorder

Answer 27

have persistent difficulties in producing speech

Question 28

childhood-onset fluency disorder

Answer 28

often called stuttering. it can lower children’s self-esteem and cause them to limit their goals and activities.

Question 29

social communication disorder

Answer 29

have deficits in using verbal and nonverbal communication for social purposes, such as greeting and sharing information in a manner that is appropriate for the social context.

Question 30

four motor disorders that the DSM-5 includes

Answer 30

• tourette’s disorder
• persistent motor or vocal tic disorder (PMVTD)
• stereotypic movement disorder
• developmental coordination disorder

Question 31

tics

Answer 31

are sudden, rapid, recurrent, nonrhythmic motor movements or vocalizations. the frequency of tics in both disorders increases when people are under stress or do not have alternative activities to occupy them (tourette’s disorder and PMVTD).

Question 32

stereotypic movement disorder

Answer 32

engage in repetitive, seemingly driven and apparently purposeless motor behaviour such as handshaking, waving, hair twirling, body rocking, head banging and self-biting. this is different from a tic because they engage in them for an extended period of time.

Question 33

developmental coordination disorder

Answer 33

is another motor disorder involving fundamental deficits or significant delays in the development of basic motor skills, which are not due to a medical condition.

Question 34

major neurocognitive disorder

Answer 34

is more commonly known as dementia when referring to older adults with degenerative disorders like alzheimer’s disease. the decline in cognitive functioning is severe enough to interfere with daily living.

Question 35

aphasia

Answer 35

deterioration of language

Question 36

palilalia

Answer 36

repeating sounds or words over and over.

Question 37

apraxia

Answer 37

impairment of the ability to execute common actions

Question 38

agnosia

Answer 38

the failure to recognize objects or people and most people with major NCD eventually lose executive functions

Question 39

executive functions

Answer 39

those brain functions that involve the ability to plan, initiate, monitor and stop complex behaviours.

Question 40

brain abnormalities in alzheimer’s disease: neurofibrillary tangles

Answer 40

are common in the brains of alzheimer’s patients. they are made up of a protein called tau and they impede nutrients and other essential supplies from moving through cells to the extent that cells eventually die.

Question 41

causes of alzheimer’s disease

Answer 41

genetic factors appear to predispose some people to the brain changes seen in alzheimer’s disease. the gene most consistently associated with the disease is the apolipoprotein E gene, which is on chromosome 19.

Question 42

vascular neurocognitive disorder

Answer 42

meets the criteria for major or mild NCD, depending on the severity of cognitive symptoms and functional decline. there must be evidence of a recent vascular event or cerebrovascular disease.

Question 43

cerebrovascular disease

Answer 43

occurs when the blood supply to areas of the brain is blocked, causing tissue damage in the brain.

Question 44

delirium

Answer 44

is characterized by disorientation, recent memory loss and a clouding of attention. has difficulty focusing, sustaining or shifting attention. the signs arise suddenly within several hours or days. they fluctuate over the course of a day and often become worse at night; sundowning. they are often agitated or frightened, incoherent speech, delusions and hallucinations. when treated it is temporary and reversible.

Question 45

causes of delirium

Answer 45

medical disorders: stroke, congestive heart failure, infectious disease, high fever and HIV infection. intoxication with illicit drugs and withdrawal from these drugs or from prescription medication. abnormalities in several neurotransmitters, including acetylcholine, dopamine, serotonin and GABA.