week 4 (lecture 6)

Question 1

personality

Answer 1

is enduring patterns of perceiving, feeling, thinking about, relating to oneself and the environment.

Question 2

Personality trait

Answer 2

is a prominent aspect of personality that is relatively consistent across time and across situations

Question 3

five-factor model

Answer 3

a dimensional perspective that posits that everyone’s personality is organized along with five broad personality traits (big 5): negative emotionality, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness and conscientiousness

Question 4

general criteria personality disorder

Answer 4

personality must deviate markedly from the expectations of his or her culture as shown in styles of thinking about oneself, others or events; emotional experience and expression; interpersonal functioning; and/or impulse control

Question 5

Cluster A: odd-eccentric personality disorder

Answer 5

the behaviour of people diagnosed with this is similar to that of people with schizophrenia, but these people retain their grasp on reality to a greater degree than do people who are psychotic.

Question 6

paranoid personality disorder (A)

Answer 6

a pattern of pervasive distrust and suspiciousness of others such that their motives are interpreted as malevolent. Tend to misinterpret situations in line with their suspicions.

Question 7

theories of paranoid personality disorder

Answer 7

paranoid personality disorder is more common in the families of people with schizophrenia than in the families of healthy subjects. disorder viewed as the result of an underlying belief that other people are malevolent and deceptive combined with lach of self-confidence

Question 8

treatment paranoid personality disorder

Answer 8

usually come into contact with clinicians only when they are in crisis. The aim of treatment is developing some degree of trust of the client so he or she can trust others a bit more.

Question 9

schizoid personality disorder (A)

Answer 9

show a pervasive pattern of detachment from social relationships and a restricted range of emotional expression in their interactions with others.

Question 10

theories of schizoid personality disorder

Answer 10

the evidence for the heritability of schizoid personality disorder is only indirect. Slightly increased rate of schizophrenia in relatives.

Question 11

treatment of schizoid personality disorder

Answer 11

the interpersonal closeness of therapy may be experienced as stressful instead of supportive. Psychosocial treatments focus on increasing the person’s awareness of his or her own feelings, increasing social skills and contacts.

Question 12

schizotypal personality disorder (A)

Answer 12

show symptoms similar to those of schizophrenia but in a milder form. socially isolated, restricted range of emotions and uncomfortable in interactions (as children passive, socially unengaged and hypersensitive to criticism).

Question 13

schizotypal personality disorder categories (4)

Answer 13

1. they may perceive other people as deceitful and hostile (paranoia or suspiciousness)
2. tend to believe that random events or circumstances have a particular meaning just for them (ideas of reference)
3. they may believe that others know what they are thinking (odd beliefs and magical thinking)
4. they may think they see people in the patterns of wallpaper (short hallucinations)

Question 14

theories of schizotypal personality disorder

Answer 14

is most likely transmitted genetically through a gene that regulates the NMDA receptor system, which is associated with schizophrenia. show the same cognitive deficits as people with schizophrenia, also same abnormalities in the brain.

Question 15

treatment of schizotypal personality disorder

Answer 15

most often treated with the same drugs used to treat schizophrenia. sometimes antidepressants are used. The symptoms are usually less severe than in schizophrenia, challenging perceptions and thoughts may be more accepted by the client.

Question 16

cluster B: dramatic emotional personality disorders

Answer 16

engage in behaviours that are dramatic and impulsive, and they often show little regard for their own safety or the safety of others

Question 17

borderline personality disorder (B)

Answer 17

out-of-control emotions that cannot be smoothed, a hypersensitivity to abandonment, tendency to cling too tightly to other people and a history of hurting oneself. They misinterpret other people’s everyday actions as rejection. Their mood is unstable. Impulsive self-damaging behaviours.

Question 18

theories of borderline personality disorder

Answer 18

score higher that healthy subjects on measures of difficulty in regulating emotion and in laboratory taks assessing unwillingness to tolerate emotional distress in order to reach a goal. People with this disorder report a childhood that was not stable, neglect and parental psychopathology. Never learned to differentiate their view of themselves from others.

Question 19

treatment of borderline personality disorder

Answer 19

• dialectical behaviour therapy focuses on helping clients gain a more realistic and positive sense of self, learn adaptive skills for solving problems and regulating emotions and correct dichotomous thinking.
• STEPPS is a group intervention for people with this disorder that combines cognitive techniques challenging irrational and maladaptive cognitions addressing self-management and problem solving

Question 20

transference-focused therapy (borderline)

Answer 20

uses the relationship between patient and therapist to help patients develop a more realistic and healthier understanding of themselves and their interpersonal relationships.

Question 21

mentalization based treatment (borderline)

Answer 21

is based on the theory that people with the disorder have fundamental difficulty understanding the mental states of themselves and others because of traumatic experiences in childhood providing patients with validation and support.

Question 22

histrionic personality disorder (B)

Answer 22

people with this disorder behave in ways to draw attention to themselves across situations. They want flattering nurturance and preferential attention. They tend to exaggerate medical problems and have increased rate of suicidal threat and behaviour to coerce attentive caregiving.

Question 23

theories of histrionic personality disorder

Answer 23

the disorders clusters in families. It remains unclear whether this disorder is genetically caused or results from processes within the family or the environment

Question 24

treatment of histrionic personality disorder

Answer 24

psychodynamic treatments focus on uncovering repressed emotions and needs and helping people with the disorder express these emotions and needs in more socially appropriate ways.

Question 25

narcissistic personality disorder (B)

Answer 25

individuals act in a dramatic manner, seek administration from others and are shallow in their emotional expressions and relationships with others. people with this disorder rely on their inflated self-evaluations and see dependency on others as weak and threatening. Have increased rates of physical and sexual aggression, impulsivity, homicidal thoughts and suicidal behaviours.

Question 26

theories of narcissistic personality disorder

Answer 26

psychodynamic oriented theorists suggest that the symptoms are maladaptive strategies for managing emotions and self-views.

Question 27

grandiose narcissism

Answer 27

is linked to coping difficulties in self-esteem by viewing oneself as superior and unique and by engaging in grandiose fantasies.

Question 28

vulnerable narcissism

Answer 28

is related to coping difficulties in self-esteem by engaging in grandiose fantasies to quell shame

Question 29

treatment of narcissistic personality disorder

Answer 29

people with the disorder tend not to seek treatment except when they develop depression or are confronted with severe interpersonal problems. a therapist using cognitive techniques can help these clients develop more realistic expectations of their abilities and more sensitivity to the needs of others.

Question 30

Cluster C: anxious-fearful personality disorders

Answer 30

are characterized by a chronic sense of anxiety or fearfulness and behaviours intended to ward off feared situations.

Question 31

avoidant personality disorder (C)

Answer 31

have low self-esteem, are prone to shame and are extremely anxious about being criticized by others and thus avoid interactions in which there is any possibility of being criticized. When they interact with people they are restrained, nervous and hypersensitive to signs of being evaluated. They are prone to persistent depressive disorder

Question 32

theories of avoidant personality disorder

Answer 32

genetics plays a role in the disorder and some of the same genes likely are also involved in social anxiety disorder. people with this disorder do report higher rates of emotional neglect. They believe that other people are simply being nice or do not see how incompetent they really are when they get positive feedback.

Question 33

treatment of avoidant personality disorder

Answer 33

cognitive and behavioural therapies have included graduated exposure to social settings, social skills training and challenges to negative automatic thoughts about themselves and social situations

Question 34

dependent personality disorder (C)

Answer 34

are anxious about interpersonal interactions, but their anxiety stems from a deep need to be cared for by others, rather than from a concern that they will be criticized. They deeply fear the loss of relationship support and the prospect of having to assume independent responsibility

Question 35

theories of dependent personality disorder

Answer 35

this disorder runs in the family and children with a history of separation anxiety disorder or chronic physical illness appear to be more prone to developing dependent personality disorder.

Question 36

treatment of dependent personality disorder

Answer 36

people with this disorder frequently seek treatment and are likely to show great insight and self-awareness. psychodynamic treatment focuses on helping clients gain insight into dependent behaviours.
nondirective and humanistic therapies may be helpful in fostering autonomy and self-confidence in persons with the disorder.

Question 37

obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (C)

Answer 37

base their self-esteem on their productivity and on meetin unreasonably high goals. They are preoccupied with rules, details and order. They are often stubborn and may force others to follow strict standards of performance. people with this disorder are prone to depressive, anxiety and eating disorders.

Question 38

theories of OCD

Answer 38

cognitive theories suggest that people with this disorder harbor beliefs that flaws and mistakes are intolerable. It appears to be related to genetic factors.

Question 39

treatment of OCD

Answer 39

supportive therapies may assist people with this disorder in overcoming the crisis that bring them in for treatment and behavioural therapies can decrease their compulsive behaviours.

Question 40

alternative DSM-5 model, five pathological traits

Answer 40

• negative affectivity => extent to which someone is even tempered and is able to handle stress.
• detachment => the extent to which is appropriately outgoing and trusting
• antagonism => the extent to which someone is honest and has concerns about others
• disinhibition => the extent to which someone is responsible, organized, catious
• psychoticism => personality characteristics that are relatively rare in the general population but are important aspects of certain types of dysfunction