week 3 (lecture 5)

Question 1

posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

Answer 1

are the consequences of experiencing extreme stressors, referred to as traumas. The DSM-5 constrains the category of traumas to events in which individuals are exposed to actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violation

Question 2

diagnosis of PTSD

Answer 2

four types of symptoms:

1. reexperiencing of the traumatic event (such as nightmares or flashbacks related to the event)
2. avoidance of situations, thoughts, memories associated with the trauma.
3. negative changes in thought and mood
4. hypervigilance and chronic arousal

Question 3

adjustment disorder

Answer 3

consists of emotional and behavioural symptoms that arise within three months of the experience of a stressor, they do not meet the criteria for a diagnosis of PTSD.

Question 4

environmental and social factors (PTSD)

Answer 4

an important set of risk factors involves the contexts in which people experience trauma. Predictors of people’s reactions to trauma include severity, duration and proximity to it.

Question 5

psychological factors (PTSD)

Answer 5

people who already are experiencing increased symptoms of anxiety or depression before a trauma occurs are more likely to develop PTSD following the trauma.

Question 6

Gender and cross-cultural differences (PTSD)

Answer 6

women are more likely than men to be diagnosed with PTSD. Women also may be more likely to develop PTSD, because they may frequently experience sexual abuse, are stigmatized decreasing the amount of social support they receive.

Question 7

biological factors (PTSD)

Answer 7

the biological responses to threat appear to be different in people with PTSD than in people without the disoder.

Question 8

cognitive behavioural therapy stress management (PTSD)

Answer 8

The therapist takes the client and exposing to the trauma cues that elicit fear, avoidance and other symptoms of PTSD, sometimes using relaxation techniques to quell the anxiety.

Question 9

stress-inoculation therapy

Answer 9

which is used for patients who cannot tolerate exposure to their traumatic memories, teaches clients skills for overcoming problems in their lives that increase their stress and problems that may result from PTSD

Question 10

biological therapies (PTSD)

Answer 10

the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and to a lesser extent benzodiazepines are used to treat symptoms of PTSD, particularly sleep problems, nightmares and irritability

Question 11

specific phobias

Answer 11

are unreasonable or irrational fears of specific objects or situations and are grouped by the DSM-5 into five categories: animal type, natural environment type, situational type, blood injection injury type and others. Most develop during childhood.

Question 12

behavioural theories (phobias)

Answer 12

have been vey successful in explaining phobias. Mowrer’s (1939) two-factor theory: classical conditioning leads to the fear and operant conditioning helps maintain it

Question 13

negative reinforcement (phobias)

Answer 13

when people are confronted with with their feared object they experience extreme anxiety and run away. Thus their avoidance of the feared object is reinforced by the reduction of their anxiety.

Question 14

agoraphobia

Answer 14

these people fear places where they might have trouble escaping or getting help if they become anxious.

Question 15

prepared classical conditioning

Answer 15

Those who quickly learned to fear and avoid these objects or events were more likely to survive and bear offsprings.

Question 16

biological theories (phobias)

Answer 16

the first-degree relatives of people with phobias are three to four times more likely to develop a phobia themselves.

Question 17

behavioural treatment (phobias)

Answer 17

use exposure to extinguish the person’s fear of the object or situation. These therapies cure the majority of phobias. learn relaxation techniques and begin exposing themselves to the fears.

Question 18

biological treatment (phobias)

Answer 18

use benzodiazepines to reduce their anxiety when forced to confront their phobic objects which provides temporary relief, but the phobia remains.

Question 19

social anxiety disorder

Answer 19

become more anxious in social situations and are afraid of being rejected, judged or humiliated in public that they are preoccupied with worries about such events. they usually start avoiding social encounters

Question 20

panic attacks

Answer 20

are short but intense periods during which one experiences many symptoms of anxiety, heart palpitations, trembling, a feeling of choking, dizziness, intense dread

Question 21

panic disorder diagnosis

Answer 21

is only made when panic attacks become a common occurrence, when they are not usually provoked by any particular situation but are unexpected.

Question 22

cognitive factors (panic disorder)

Answer 22

people prone to panic attacks tend to pay very close attention to their bodily sensations, worrying about his or her health generally and about having more attacks specifically.

Question 23

anxiety sensitivity

Answer 23

unfounded belief that bodily symptoms have harmful consequences, which is higher in people with panic disorder

Question 24

interoceptive awareness

Answer 24

people prone to panic attacks appear to have this, a heightened awareness of bodily cues that may signal a coming panic attack

Question 25

biological treatments (panic disorder)

Answer 25

the most common biological treatment for panic disorder is medication affecting serotonin and norepinephrine systems.

Question 26

interoceptive conditioning

Answer 26

bodily cues have occurred at the beginning of previous panic attacks and have become conditioned stimuli signaling new attacks.

Question 27

cognitive behavioural treatments (panic disorder)

Answer 27

has clients confront the situations or thoughts that arouse anxiety to challenge and change irrational thoughts about these situations and help extinguish anxious behaviour

Question 28

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

Answer 28

is diagnosed if people are anxious all the time, in almost all situations, uncontrollable worry. It mostly commonly begins in childhood or adolescence

Question 29

emotional and cognitive factors (GAD)

Answer 29

report experiencing more intense negative emotions, even compared to people with major depression, are highly reactive to negative events. Their maladaptive assumptions lead people with GAD to respond to situations with automatic thoughts that stir up anxiety and lead them to overreact

Question 30

biological factors (GAD)

Answer 30

the greater activity in the sympathetic nervous system and the amygdala may be associated with abnormalities in the GABA neurotransmitter system, which plays an important role in many areas of the brain.

Question 31

cognitive behavioural treatments (GAD)

Answer 31

cognitive behavioural treatments focus on helping people with GAD confront the issues they worry about. , challenge their negative , catastrophizing thoughts and develop coping strategies

Question 32

biological treatments (GAD)

Answer 32

benzodiazepine drugs provide short term relief from anxiety symptoms, but their side effects and addictiveness preclude long-term use, once they stop using the drugs the anxiety symptoms come back

Question 33

separation anxiety disorder

Answer 33

children are extremely anxious when they are separated from their caregivers, into childhood and adolescence. They may experience stomach aches, headaches, nausea and vomiting if forced to leave their caregivers.

Question 34

biological factors (SAD)

Answer 34

tend to have family histories of anxiety and depressive disorders, however it is nog clear that a specific tendency toward separation anxiety is heritable

Question 35

psychological and sociocultural factors (SAD)

Answer 35

parents tend to be more controlling and intrusive both behaviourally and emotionally, and also more critical and negative in their communications with their children

Question 36

obsessions

Answer 36

are thoughts, images, ideas or urges that are persistent that uncontrollably intrude on consciousness and that usually cause significant anxiety or distress

Question 37

compulsions

Answer 37

are repetitive behaviours or mental acts that an individual feels he or she must perform

Question 38

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

Answer 38

is diagnosed when either obsessions, compulsions or both are present to a significant degree. OCD was classified as an anxiety disorder because people with OCD experience anxiety as a result of their obsessional thoughts. Depression, panic attacks, phobias and substance abuse are common among sufferers

Question 39

hoarding

Answer 39

is a compulsive behaviour that is closely related to OCD, but is classified as a separate diagnosis in the DSM-5

Question 40

hair-pulling disorder (trichotillomania)

Answer 40

these people have a history of recurrent pulling out of their hair.

Question 41

skin-picking disorder

Answer 41

recurrently pick at scabs or places on their skin, creating significant lesions that often become infected and cause scars

Question 42

body dysmorphic disorder

Answer 42

are excessively preoccupied with a part of their body that they believe is defective but that others see as normal or only slightly unusual. Tend to begin in the teenage years

Question 43

biological theories (OCD and related disorders)

Answer 43

have focused on a circuit in the brain involved in motor behaviour, cognition and emotion. They often get relief from their symptoms when they take drugs that regulate the neurotransmitters serotonin.

Question 44

cognitive behavioural theories (OCD and related disorders)

Answer 44

people with OCD are not able to turn off their negative, intrusive thoughts which are usually attribution by people to their distress.

Question 45

biological treatments (OCD and related disorders)

Answer 45

antidepressant drugs that effect levels of serotonin, such as Clomipramine and SSRI’s, relieve symptoms of OCD and related disorders. People tend to relapse when they stop using the drug.

Question 46

cognitive behavioural treatments (OCD and related disorders)

Answer 46

many clinicians believe that drugs must be combined with therapies that use exposure and respons prevention to help people recover completely from OCD and related disorders

Question 47

anxiety in children

Answer 47

baby => noise/strangers
toddler => dark/monsters
school => animals/school failure/natural phenomena
juvenile => fear that others think bad of you
adult => achievements/future

Question 48

selective mutism

Answer 48

failure to speak in specific social situations but able to talk in other situations. Shyness, fear for social embarrassment, social isolation, clinging, temper tantrums and possibly oppositional behaviour

Question 49

social phobias

Answer 49

extreme and irrational anxiety, shyness, anxious for social situations, limitations in life