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D&H2 > week 5 > Flashcards

week 5 Flashcards

1
Q

psychosis

A

If you are unable to tell the difference between what is real and what is unreal.

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2
Q

schizophrenia spectrum

A

DSM-5 refers to the fact that there are five domains of symptoms that define psychotic disorders, and their number, severity and duration distinguish psychotic disorder from each other.

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3
Q

positive symptoms

A

delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech and disorganized or abnormal motor behaviour. Are overt expressions of unusual perceptions, thoughts and behaviours

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4
Q

negative symptoms

A

may be restricted emotional expression or affect and sufferers often show numerous cognitive deficits.

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5
Q

delusions

A

are ideas that an individual believers are true but that are highly unlikely and often simply impossible. These people look for evidence in support of their beliefs

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6
Q

persecutory delusions

A

which make people believe that they are being watched or tormented by people they know or by agencies or persons in authority with whom they have never had direct contact, such as the FBI.

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7
Q

delusions of reference

A

in which people believe that one is a special being possesses special powers

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8
Q

delusions of thought insertion

A

are beliefs that one’s thoughts are being controlled by outside forces.

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9
Q

hallucinations

A

unreal perceptual experiences of people with schizophrenia are frequent, persistent, complex, sometimes bizarre and often entwined with delusions

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10
Q

auditory hallucinations

A

are the most common. They may consist of a voice speaking the individual’s thoughts aloud or carrying on a running commentary on the person’s behaviour

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11
Q

visual hallucinations

A

may be accompanied by auditory hallucinations and be consistent with the delusions

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12
Q

tactile hallucinations

A

involve the perception that something is happening to the outside of the person’s body, example bugs crawling on the body

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13
Q

somatic hallucinations

A

involve the perception that something is happening inside the person’s body, for example, that worms are eating their intestines

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14
Q

formal thought disorder

A

disorganized thinking of people with schizophrenia. One of the most common forms is a tendency to slip from one topic to a seemingly unrelated topic with little coherent transition.

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15
Q

catatonia

A

disorganized behaviour that reflects unresponsiveness to the environment. From a lack of response to instructions to showing a rigid, inappropriate, bizarre posture to a lack of verbal or motor responses

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16
Q

negative symptoms

A

involve the loss of certain qualities of the person. The core negative symptoms in schizophrenia are restricted affect and avolition/asociality

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17
Q

restricted affect

A

refers to a severe reduction in or absence of emotional expression. People with schizophrenia show fewer facial expressions of emotion, may avoid eye contact and are less likely to use gestures to communicate emotional information that people without the disorder. Their tone of voice may be flat

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18
Q

anhedonia

A

inability to experience pleasure

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19
Q

avolition

A

inability to initiate or persist at common, goal-directed activities including those at work, at school and at work

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20
Q

DSM-5 criteria

A

an individual must show two or more symptoms of psychosis, at least one of which should be delusions, hallucinations or disorganized speech. These symptoms must be consistently and acutely present for at least 1 month. must have symptoms of the disorder for at least 6 months to a degree that impairs social and occupational functioning.

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21
Q

prodromal symptoms (schizophrenia)

A

before the acute phase

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22
Q

residual symptoms (schizophrenia)

A

after the acute phase

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23
Q

sociocultural factors schizophrenia

A

tends to have a more benign course in developing countries than in developed countries. The social environment in developing countries may facilitate adaption and recovery better than the social environment in developed countries.

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24
Q

gender and age factors schizophrenia

A

women with schizophrenia tend to have a better prognosis than men with the disorder and are hospitalized less often and for briefer periods of time.

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25
Q

schizoaffective disorder

A

is a mix of schizophrenia and a mood disorder. Psychotic symptoms and prominent mood symptoms meeting the criteria from a major depressive or manic episode are experienced simultaneously

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26
Q

schizophreniform disorder

A

requires that most of the criteria of schizophrenia are met but the symptoms only last 1 to 6 months. Will eventually receive a diagnosis of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder.

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27
Q

brief psychotic disorder

A

show a sudden onset of delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech and/or disorganized behaviour

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28
Q

delusional disorder

A

have delusions lasting at least 1 month regarding situations that occur in real life but do not show any other psychotic symptoms. They do not act oddly or have difficulty functioning

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29
Q

schizotypal personality disorder

A

have a life long pattern of significant oddities in their self-concept, their ways of relating to others and their thinking and behaviour. The disorder may eventually develop into the full syndrome of schizophrenia.

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30
Q

biological theories schizophrenia

A
  • evidence indicates genetic transmission, although genetics does not fully explain who develops this disorder.
  • some people with schizophrenia show structural and functional abnormalities in specific areas of the brain, which may contribute to the disorder
  • many people with schizophrenia have a history of birth complications or prenatal exposures to viruses which may affect brain development
  • neurotransmitter theories hold that excess levels of dopamine contribute to schizophrenia; newer research also focuses on the neurotransmitter’s serotonin, GABA and glutamate
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31
Q

family studies schizophrenia

A

the genetic similarity to a person with schizophrenia decreases and individuals’s risk of developing schizophrenia als decreases.

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32
Q

adoption studies schizophrenia

A

it was found that the biological relatives of adoptees with schizophrenia were 10 times more likely to have a diagnosis of schizophrenia than were the biological relatives of adoptees who did not have schizophrenia.

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33
Q

twin studies schizophrenia

A

even when a person carries a genetic risk for schizophrenia, however many other biological and environmental factors may influence whether and how he or she manifests the disorder. Epigenetic differences, dopamine systems, are thought to play a big factor in the development of the disorder.

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34
Q

brith complications (schizophrenia)

A

serious prenatal and birth difficulties are more frequent in the histories of people with schizophrenia than in those of people without and may play a role in the development of neurological difficulties

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35
Q

prenatal viral exposure (schizophrenia)

A

epidemiological studies have shown high rates of schizophrenia among persons whose mothers were exposed to viral infections while pregnant.

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36
Q

phenothiazines and neuroleptics

A

drugs that tend to reduce the symptoms of schizophrenia. They block the reuptake of dopamine in the brain, reducing the functional level in the brain.

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37
Q

amphetamines (schizophrenia)

A

increase the functional level of dopamine in the brain tend to increase the incidence of the positive symptoms of schizophrenia.

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38
Q

atypical antipsychotics

A

may work to reduce the symptoms of schizophrenia by binding to a specific type of dopamine receptor common in the mesolimbic system, blocking the action of dopamine.

39
Q

social drift

A

schizophrenia symptoms interfere with a person’s ability to complete an education and hold a job, people with schizophrenia tend to drift downward in social class compared to the class of their family of origin

40
Q

expressed emotion schizophrenia

A
  • families who are high in expressed emotion are over-involved with one another and voice self-sacrificing attitudes toward the family member while at the same time being critical.
  • people with schizophrenia who are part of a low expressed emotion family are less likely to relapse
41
Q

chlorpromazine

A

is one of a class of drugs called phenothiazines, which calms agitation and reduces hallucination and delusions in patients with schizophrenia

42
Q

tardive dyskinesia

A

serious side effects of typical antipsychotic drugs. a neurological disorder that involves involuntary movements of the tongue, face, mouth or jaw.

43
Q

atypical antipsychotics

A

seem to be more effective in treating schizophrenia than neuroleptics.

44
Q

clozapine

A

one of the most common ones, binds to the D4 dopamine receptor but it also influences several other neurotransmitters. It appears to reduce the negative symptoms as well as the positive. Side effects: dizziness, nausea, sedation, seizures, weight gain and tachycardia.

45
Q

cognitive (schizophrenia)

A

cognitive treatments include helping people with schizophrenia recognize and change demoralizing attitudes they may have towards their illness so that they will seek help when needed and participate in society to the extent that they can.

46
Q

behavioural treatments (schizophrenia)

A

based on social learning theory. Include the use of operant conditioning and modeling to teach people with schizophrenia skills such as initiating and maintaining conversations with others

47
Q

family therapy (schizophrenia)

A

successful therapies combine basic education on schizophrenia with the training of family members in coping with their loved one’s inappropriate behaviours and the disorder’s impact on their lives. Appear to be more effective when combined with the right drugs.

48
Q

cross-cultural treatments (schizophrenia)

A

in developing countries and parts of industrialized countries. the symptoms of schizophrenia sometimes are treated by folk or religious healers, according to cultural beliefs about the meaning and causes of the symptoms.

49
Q

Admission TBS-hospital

A
  1. having committed a severe crime that legally justifies 4 years of imprisonment or more
  2. being judged unaccountable for committing the crime on the basis of a psychiatric disorder
50
Q

two main subgroup of TBS-patients

A
  • many TBS-patients have cluster b personality disorder

- the remaining TBS-patients mainly suffer from psychotic disorders (25-30% suffer from schizophrenia)

51
Q

sexual desire

A

is the urge to engage in any type of sexual activity, even imaginal.

52
Q

arousal phase

A

combines a psychological experience of pleasure and the physiological changes know as Vaso congestion and myotonia

53
Q

plateau phase

A

after arousal phase, when excitement remains at a high but stable level. This period is pleasurable in itself, and some people try to extend it.

54
Q

orgasm

A

is the discharge of the neuromuscular tension built up during the arousal and plateau phase.

55
Q

resolution

A

this is after orgasm, the entire musculature of the body relaxes and men and women tend to experience a state of deep relaxation.

56
Q

sexual dysfunctions

A

are a set of disorders in which people have difficulty responding sexually or experiencing sexual pleasure. The difficulty must be more than occasional or transient and must cause significant distress or interpersonal difficulty

57
Q

male hypoactive sexual desire disorder

A

have little desire for sex and have deficient or absent sexual thoughts or fantasies. Most cases the man used to enjoy sex and lost interest in it. The rates of this disorder are higher among older men

58
Q

female sexual interest/arousal disorder

A

a woman must report at least three of the following symptoms for at least 6 months: absent or significantly reduced interest in sexual activity, in sexual or erotic thoughts or fantasies, in initiating sex or receptiveness to sex, excitement or pleasure in most sexual encounters, sexual responsiveness to erotic cues, or in genital or non-genital responses to sexual activity

59
Q

erectile disorder

A

men involves the recurrent inability to attain or maintain an erection until the completion of sexual activity or a marked decrease in erectile rigidity. When it becomes persistent and causes him distress.

60
Q

female orgasmic disorder

A

experience markedly reduced intensity of orgasm or delay or absence of orgasm. The disorder can be either lifelong or acquired.

61
Q

early or premature ejaculation

A

persistently ejaculate with minimal sexual stimulation before they wish to ejaculate. In order to be diagnosed he must ejaculate within 1 minute of penetration in partnered sexual activity.

62
Q

delayed ejaculation (men)

A

experience a marked delay in or the absence of orgasm following the excitement phase of the sexual response. In most cases of this disorder a man cannot ejaculate during intercourse but can ejaculate with manual or oral stimulation.

63
Q

genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder

A

women who for 6 months recurrently experience either pain or muscle tightening during sex, or who have marked fear or anxiety about experiencing such pain.

64
Q

biological causes (sexual dysfunctions)

A

many medical illnesses can cause problems in sexual functioning in both men and women. Diabetes can lower sexual drive, arousal, enjoyment and satisfaction especially in men. also multiple sclerosis, kidney failure, vascular disease, spinal cord injury and injury to the autonomic nervous system due to surgery or radiation

65
Q

substance induced sexual dysfunction

A

many recreational drugs, including marijuana, cocaine, amphetamines and nicotine can also impair sexual functioning also chronic alcohol abusers and alcohol dependents.

66
Q

mental disorders (sexual dysfunction)

A

several mental disorders, such as depression, anxiety and schizophrenia can cause dysfunction. The medications used to treat them can also lead to problems in sexual functioning

67
Q

attitudes and cognitions (sexual dysfunction)

A

people who are taught negative attitudes toward sex may lack the desire to have sex.

68
Q

performance anxiety (sexual)

A

makes people worry about whether they are going to be aroused and have an orgasm that this worry interferes with their sexual functioning.

69
Q

spectatoring (sexual)

A

is when people anxiously attend to reactions and performance during sex, which might distract from sexual pleasure and interferes with sexual functioning

70
Q

trauma (sexual)

A

reductions of sexual desire and functioning often follow personal trauma, te loss of job, loss of a loved one or the diagnosis of severe illness in one’s child.

71
Q

interpersonal factors (sexual dysfunction)

A

problems in intimate relationships are extremely common in people with sexual dysfunctions. sometimes these problems are the consequences of sexual dysfunctions.

72
Q

cultural factors (sexual dysfunction)

A

other cultures recognize types of sexual dysfunction not described in the DSM-5. Less educated and poorer men and women tend to experience more sexual dysfunction. People that come from cultural backgrounds that teach negative attitudes toward sex are more likely to develop sexual dysfunctions.

73
Q

biological therapies (sexual dysfunction)

A

sildenafil (viagra) has proven effective both in men whose erectile dysfunction has no known organic cause and in men whose erectile dysfunction is caused by a medical condition. For men suffering from premature ejaculation some antidepressants can be helpful.

74
Q

individuals and couples therapy (sexual)

A

individuals explore the thoughts and previous experiences that impede them from enjoying a positive sexual life. Couples therapy often helps couples develop more satisfying sexual relationships

75
Q

sex therapy

A

both teaches skills and helps partners develop a regular pattern of engaging in satisfying sexual encounters. Often includes teaching or encouraging clients to masturbate in order to explore their bodies to discover what is arousing and to become less inhibited about their sexuality

76
Q

sensate focus therapy

A

partners are instructed not to be concerned about or even attempt intercourse. They are told to focus intently on the pleasure created by the exercises to reduce performance anxiety. the second phase the partners spend time directly stimulating each other’s breasts and genitals but still without attempting intercourse

77
Q

techniques for treating early ejaculation

A
  • stop-start technique the man is told to stop stimulation just before he is about to ejaculate. then relaxes and concentrates on the sensation in his body until his level of arousal declines and then resume stimulation.
  • squeeze technique the man’s partner stimulates him to an erection and then when he signals that ejaculation is imminent, the partner applies a firm but gentle squeeze to the penis which results in partial loss of erection.
78
Q

techniques for treating pelvic muscle tightening

A

pelvic muscle tightening is often treated by deconditioning the woman’s automatic tightening of her vaginal muscles by first inserting fingers, then dilators which gradually get larger. During this the woman practices relaxation exercises

79
Q

paraphilic disorder

A

is a parahilia that is currently causing the individual significant distress or impairment or entails personal harm or risk of harm to others

80
Q

fetishistic disorder

A

involves the use of nonliving objects or non-genital body parts for sexual arousal or gratification. the desire is for the object or body part itself.

81
Q

transvestic disorder

A

dressing in the clothes of the other sex as a means of becoming sexually aroused

82
Q

sexual sadism disorder

A

a person’s sexual fantasies, urges or behaviour involve inflicting pain and humiliation on his or her sex partner

83
Q

sexual masochism disorder

A

a persons’s sexual fantasies, urges or behaviours involving suffering pain of humiliation during sex.

84
Q

voyeuristic disorder

A

involves watching another person undress do things in the nude or have sex. For a diagnosis the behaviour must be repeated over 6 months and must be compulsive

85
Q

exhibitionistic disorder

A

obtains sexual gratification by exposing his or her genitals to involuntary observers who usually are strangers. To be diagnosed individuals must have acted on their urges to engage in the behaviour or the behaviour must cause significant distress or impairment.

86
Q

frotteuristic disorder

A

often co-occurs with voyeurism and exhibitionism. The person gains sexual gratification from rubbing against and fondling parts of the body of a nonconsenting person. To be diagnosed individuals must have acted on their urges to engage in the behaviour or the urges must be causing significant distress or impairment.

87
Q

pedophilic disorder

A

have sexual fantasies, urges and behaviours focused on prepubescent children. Not al individuals with pedophilic fantasies engage in sexual contact with children instead many use child pornography to become sexually aroused.

88
Q

aversion therapy

A

is used to extinguish sexual responses to objects or situations a person with paraphili finds arousing. The person might be exposed to painful but harmless electric shocks or loud bursts of noise while viewing photographs of what arouses them or while touching objects that arouse them

89
Q

Gender dysphoria

A

is a new DSM-5 diagnostic category that replaces gender identity disorder. It is diagnosed when there is a discrepancy between individual’s gender identity and their biological sex. The diagnosis must require significant distress or impairment associated with the gender incongruence this is not in itself viewed as a disorder.

90
Q

transgender

A

is currently te most widely used and refers to the broad spectrum of individuals who transiently or persistently identify with a gender different from their natal sex

91
Q

theories gender dysphoria

A

suggest that people who develop gender dysphoria have been to unusual levels of hormones which influence later gender identity and sexual orientation by influencing the development of brain structures involved in sexuality.

92
Q

treatments gender dysphoria (3)

A
  1. cross-sex hormone therapy
  2. full-time real-life experience in the desired gender role
  3. sex reassignment surgery
93
Q

treatments sexual dysfunctions

A
  • CBT
  • psychoeducation
  • exercise
  • cognitions
  • medication (viagra, hormones)

D&H2 (7 decks)

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