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D&H2 > week 2 > Flashcards

week 2 Flashcards

1
Q

depression

A

imposes a heavy burden on patients and their families and often has serious consequences

  • effects not only moods, but the body as well
  • alters functions socially
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2
Q

affect (clinical characteristics depression)

A
  • depressive/nervous mood

- loss of interest and inhability to experience pleasure

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3
Q

perception (clinical characteristics depression)

A
  • selective perception of negative events

- in psychotic depression; mood-congruent delusions

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4
Q

somatic condition (clinical characteristics depression)

A
  • fatigue/sleep disorders
  • weight loss/ loss of appetite or excessive eating
  • pain
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5
Q

cognitions (clinical characteristics depression)

A
  • negative view of oneself, the world and the future
  • cognitive disruptions and extreme guilt feelings
  • concentration problems
  • suicide thoughts/attempts
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6
Q

behaviour (clinical characteristics depression)

A
  • passivity

- psychomotor inhibition or agitation

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7
Q

interpersonal dealings (clinical characteristics depression)

A
  • deterioration of relationship with partner or family
  • social withdrawal
  • poor performance
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8
Q

affect (clinical characteristics mania)

A
  • euphoric mood
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9
Q

perception (clinical characteristics mania)

A
  • psychotic mania (delusions of grandeur)
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10
Q

somatic condition (clinical characteristics mania)

A
  • great energy

- no need for sleep

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11
Q

cognitions (clinical characteristics mania)

A
  • positive view of oneself, elevated self-esteem
  • associative thinking
  • easier to distract
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12
Q

behaviour (clinical characteristics mania)

A
  • hyperactive
  • talkative
  • risky behaviour
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13
Q

motor activity, unipolar

A

agitation sometimes

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14
Q

motor activity, bipolar

A

usually withdrawn during depression episode

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15
Q

sleep, unipolar

A

problems with falling asleep

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16
Q

sleep, bipolar

A

usually longer during depression episode than normal

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17
Q

onset age, unipolar

A

late 30’s to early 40’s

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18
Q

onset age, bipolar

A

around age 40

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19
Q

family exposure, unipolar

A

relatives in the first degree have a high risk of unipolar depression

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20
Q

family exposure, bipolar

A

relatives in the first degree have a high risk of unipolar an bipolar depression

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21
Q

gender, unipolar

A

ocures more often in women

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22
Q

gender, bipolar

A

equally common in both sexes

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23
Q

biological treatment, unipolar

A

antidepressents

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24
Q

biological treatment, bipolar

A

lithium

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25
Q

genetic theory depression

A

disrupted genes predispose towards depression or bipolar disorder

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26
Q

neurotransmitter theories depression

A

disturbance in neurotransmitters and their receptors

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27
Q

neuro-endocrine abnormalities depression

A

depressive people suffer from a dysfunctional stress system

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28
Q

empirically based therapy depression

A
  • no proof of efficacy
  • still not enough proof of efficacy
  • proof of brief efficacy
  • proof of lasting efficacy
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29
Q

works insufficiently for depression

A
  • gestalt therapy
  • transactional analysis
  • psychodrama
  • bioenergetics
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30
Q

biological treatments for mood disorders

A
  • treatment with antidepressants
  • light therapy
  • electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
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31
Q

aversion therapy

A

pairing substances use/undesirable behaviour with aversive stimulus

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32
Q

habit learning

A

when the operant response is no longer motivated by it’s outcome

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33
Q

substance use disorders

A

disorders that involve chronic difficulties in resisting the desire to drink alcohol or take drugs.

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34
Q

gambling disorder

A

involve the inability to resist the impulse to gamble

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35
Q

substance

A

is any natural or synthesized product that had psychoactive effects, it changes perceptions, thoughts, emotions and behaviours.

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36
Q

substance intoxication

A

a set of behavioural and psychological changes that occur as a result of the physiological effects of a substance on the central nervous system.

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37
Q

substance withdrawal

A

a set of physiological and behavioural symptoms that result when people who have been using substances heavily for prolonged periods of time stop or greatly reduce their use

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38
Q

substance abuse

A

when a person’s recurrent use of a substance resulted in significant harmful consequences compromising one of four categories within a 12-month period

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39
Q

tolerance

A

the experience of diminished effects from the same dose of a substance and need more and more of it to achieve intoxication

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40
Q

DSM-5 criteria for a substance use disorder

A

impaired control continued use of substances despite negative social, occupational, health consequences, risky use, evidence of tolerance and withdrawal

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41
Q

delirium tremens

A

auditory, visual, tactile hallucinations occur, they may sleep little, become agitated and disoriented

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42
Q

alcohol misuse

A

binge drinking and heavy drinking are associated with significant health problems. Binge drinking is often common on college campuses and among members of fraternities and sororities

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43
Q

benzodiazepines

A

depress the central nervous system. Intoxication and withdrawal from these substances are similar to alcohol intoxication and withdrawal

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44
Q

stimulants

A

activate the central nervous system causing feelings of energy, happiness and power. A decreased desire for sleep and a diminished appetite.

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45
Q

cocaine

A

produces a instant rush of intense euphoria followed by heightened self-esteem, alertness, energy, feelings of competence and creativity. activates areas of the brain that register reward and pleasure.

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46
Q

amphetamines

A

are stimulants prescribed for the treatment of attention problems, narcolepsy and chronic fatigue

47
Q

nicotine

A

is an alkaloid found in tobacco, and cigarettes get this substance to the brain within seconds.

48
Q

hallucinogens

A

produce perceptual changes even in small doses. Are a mixed group of substances:

  • lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)
  • peyote
  • psilocybin mushrooms
49
Q

phencyclidine (PCP)

A

is manufactured as a powder to be snorted or smoked. At low doses it produces a sense of intoxication, euphoria or affective dulling, talkativeness, lack of concern, slowed reaction time, vertigo, eye twitching, mild hypertension, abnormal involuntary movements of weakness. At high doses it produces amnesia, seizures, hypothermia and hyperthermia

50
Q

Ecstasy (XTC)

A

users experience heightened energy and restlessness and claim that their social inhibitions decrease and their affection for others increases

51
Q

GHB

A

is a central nervous system depressant approved for the treatment of the sleep disorder narcolepsy and it can relieve anxiety and promote relaxation.

52
Q

ketamine

A

can elicit an out-of-body or near-death experience. the effects include numbness, loss of coordination, a sense of invulnerability, muscle rigidity, aggressive or violent behaviour, slurred or blocked speech

53
Q

antagonist drugs

A

block or change the effects of the addictive drug, reducing the desire for it.

54
Q

methadone

A

is an opioid that has less potent and less long-lasting effects than heroin when taken orally. It is used to reduce extreme negative withdrawal symptoms from herion dependence and blocks heroin’s intense psychological effects by blocking the receptors

55
Q

behavioural treatments

A

are based on aversive classical conditioning are sometimes used alone or in combination with biological or other psychosocial therapies.

56
Q

cognitive treatments

A

interventions based on the cognitive models of alcohol abuse and dependency help clients identify situations in which they are most likely to drink and lose control over their drinking.

57
Q

motivational interviewing

A

was developed to elicit and solidify client’s motivation and commitment to changing their substance use.

58
Q

abstinence violation effect

A

consists of a sense of conflict and guilt when an abstinent alcohol abuser or dependent violates abstinence and has a drink, which may lead to continue to drink

59
Q

relapse prevention programs

A

teach people who abuse alcohol to view slips as temporary and situationally caused.

60
Q

internet gaming disorder

A

is not listed in the DSM, but appears in the section listing conditions requiring further study. It can affect well-being and occupational and social lives

61
Q

psychomotor retardation

A

many people are slowed down when depressed. It is characterized by walking and speaking more slowly and also quietly, as well as prolonged reaction times

62
Q

persistent depressive disorder

A

has as its essential feature a depressed mood for most of the day, for more days than not, for at least 2 years. poor appetite, insomnia, low energy, low-self-esteem, poor concentration, hopelessness (two or more need to be present)

63
Q

anxious distress (depression)

A

prominent anxiety symptoms as well as depressive symptoms

64
Q

mixed features (depression)

A

meet criteria for a major depressive disorder and at least three symptoms of mania, but not fully a manic episode

65
Q

melancholic features (depression)

A

physiological symptoms are particularly prominent

66
Q

psychotic features (depression)

A

experience delusions and hallucinations

67
Q

catatonic features (depression)

A

show strange behaviours known as catatonic

68
Q

atypical features (depression)

A

odd assortment of symptoms

69
Q

seasonal pattern (depression)

A

referred to as seasonal affective disorder. people have a history of at least two years of experiencing and fully recovering from a major depressive episode. they recover when the daylight hours are long and become depressed when the daylight hours are short.

70
Q

peripartum onset (depression)

A

when the onset of a major depressive episode occurs during pregnancy or in the 4 weeks following childbirth for women

71
Q

premenstrual dysphoric disorder

A

some women regularly experience significant increases in distress during the premenstrual phase of their cycle.

72
Q

mania

A

have unrealistic positive and grandiose self-esteem. They experience racing thoughts and impulses. These thoughts can be delusional. This mood must be shown for al least one week.

73
Q

bipolar | disorder

A

must experience full criteria of mania and will eventually fall into a depressive episode.

74
Q

bipolar || disorder

A

the same symptoms as mania, but the episodes are milder

75
Q

cyclothymic disorder

A

the person alternates between periods of some hypomanic symptoms and periods of some depressive symptoms chronically over at least a two year period

76
Q

genetic factors (depression)

A

first-degree relatives of people with major depressive disorder are two to three times more likely to also have depression than are the first-degree relative of people without the disorder.

77
Q

neurotransmitters theories (depression)

A

the neurotransmitters that have been implicated most often in depression are monamines, norepinephrine, serotonin and to a lesser extent dopamine. the release process, serotonin, may be abnormal in the case of depression

78
Q

structure and functional brain abnormalities (depression)

A

there are at least four areas of the brain that show abnormalities in people with depression: the prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate, hippocampus and amygdala.

79
Q

neuroendocrine factors (depression)

A

the neuroendocrine system regulates several important hormones, which turn affect basis functions such as sleep, appetite, sexual drive and the ability to experience pleasure.

80
Q

behavioural theories (depression)

A

suggest that life stress leads to depression because it reduces the positive reinforcers in a person’s life. Depression often arises as a reaction to stressful negative events.

81
Q

learned helplessness theory

A

suggests that the type of stressful events most likely to lead to depression is an incontrollable negative event.

82
Q

negative cognitive triad (depression)

A

they have negative views of themselves, the world and the future

83
Q

reformulated learned helplessness (depression)

A

explains how cognitive factors might influence whether a person becomes helpless and depressed following a negative event.

84
Q

hopelessness depression

A

develops when people make pessimistic attributions for the most important events in their lives an perceive that they have no way to cope with the consequences of these events

85
Q

the ruminative response styles theory

A

focuses more on the process of thinking than on the content of thinking as a contributor te depression

86
Q

interpersonal theories of depression

A

focus on relationships, since interpersonal difficulties and losses frequently precede depression and are the stressors most commonly reported as triggering depression

87
Q

rejection sensitivity

A

some people have heightened need for approval and expressions of support from others but at the same time easily perceive rejections by others

88
Q

cohorts effects (depression)

A

exists when people’s difference on some psychological variable depends not on their age per se, but instead on the era in which they were born and lived

89
Q

genetic factors (bipolar)

A

bipolar disorder is strongly and consistently linked to genetic factors, although the specific genetic abnormalities that contribute are not yet known

90
Q

structural and functional brain abnormalities (bipolar)

A

is associated with abnormalities in the structure and functioning of the amygdala, which is involved in the processing of emotions, and the prefrontal cortex.

91
Q

neurotransmitter factors (bipolar)

A

dysregulation in the dopamine system may lead to excessive reward seeking during the manic phase and a lack of reward-seeking in the depressed phase

92
Q

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI’s)

A

are widely used to treat depressive symptoms. They are more effective in the treatment of depression than the other available antidepressants, but they have fewer difficult-to-tolerate side effects

93
Q

selective serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRI’s)

A

influence two neurotransmitters and show a slight advantage over SSRI’s in preventing te relapse of depression.

94
Q

bupropion

A

it is especially useful in treating people suffering from psychomotor retardation, anhedonia, hypersomnia, cognitive slowing, inattention and craving

95
Q

tricyclic antidepressants

A

some of the first drugs to relieve depression, they are used much less these days because of the numerous of side effects. Also fatal when taking an overdose

96
Q

monoamine oxidase inhibitors

A

another older class of drugs that is no longer used frequently to treat depression. Also comes with dangerous side effects, damage or severe lowering of blood pressure

97
Q

lithium

A

mood stabilizer, improving the functioning of the intracellular processes that appear to be abnormal in mood disorders. The person taking lithium must be monitored carefully, whether the dosage is adequate to relieve the symptoms, but not cause toxic side effects

98
Q

anticonvulsant and atypical antipsychotic medications

A

were discovered to reduce seizures and stabilize mood in people with bipolar disorder. Side effects are blurred vision, pain, vertigo, dizziness, rash, nausea etc.

99
Q

repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation

A

the patient is exposed to repeated high intensity magnetic pulses focused on particular brain structures.

100
Q

vagus nerve stimulation

A

the vagus nerve is stimulated, it is part of the autonomic nervous system. A small electrical device is surgically implanted under the patients skin in the left chest wall

101
Q

deep brain stimulation

A

Electrodes are surgically implanted in specific areas of the brain

102
Q

Light therapy

A

people with seasonal affective disorder are exposed to bright light for a few hours each day during the winter months, which can significantly reduce some people’s symptoms

103
Q

behavioural therapy

A

focuses on increasing positive reinforcers and decreasing aversive experiences in an individuals life by helping the depressed person change his or het patterns with the environment and with other people

104
Q

cognitive behavioural therapy

A

first it aims to change the negative hopeless patterns of thinking. Second it aims to help people with depression solve concrete problems in their lives and develop skills for being more effective in the world.

105
Q

Family focused therapy

A

is also designed to reduce interpersonal stress in people with bipolar disorder, particularly within context of family.

106
Q

suicide ideation

A

thinking about committing suicide but never attempt to kill themselves

107
Q

non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI)

A

some people repeatedly cut, burn, puncture or otherwise significantly injure their skin with no intent to die. It functions in a way to regulate emotion.

108
Q

egoistic suicide

A

is committed by people who feel alienated from others of social contacts, and alone in an unsupportive world.

109
Q

anomic suicide

A

is committed by people who experience severe disorientation because of a major change in their relationship with society

110
Q

altruistic suicide

A

is committed by people who believe that taking their life will benefit society.

111
Q

suicide contagion

A

when a well-known member of society commits suicide, people who closely identify with that person may see suicide a more acceptable

112
Q

suicide prevention

A

suicide hotline and crisis intervention centers provide help to suicidal people in times of their greatest need, hoping to prevent a suicidal act until the suicidal feelings have passed.

113
Q

what to do if a friend is suicidal

A
  1. take the person seriously
  2. get help
  3. express concern
  4. ask if they made suicide plans
  5. acknowledge feelings
  6. reassure the person that things can be better
  7. don’t promise confidentiality
  8. make sure means of self-harm are not available
  9. don’t leave the person alone, if possible
  10. take care of yourself

D&H2 (7 decks)

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