week 2 Flashcards
(113 cards)
1
Q
depression
A
imposes a heavy burden on patients and their families and often has serious consequences
- effects not only moods, but the body as well
- alters functions socially
2
Q
affect (clinical characteristics depression)
A
- depressive/nervous mood
- loss of interest and inhability to experience pleasure
3
Q
perception (clinical characteristics depression)
A
- selective perception of negative events
- in psychotic depression; mood-congruent delusions
4
Q
somatic condition (clinical characteristics depression)
A
- fatigue/sleep disorders
- weight loss/ loss of appetite or excessive eating
- pain
5
Q
cognitions (clinical characteristics depression)
A
- negative view of oneself, the world and the future
- cognitive disruptions and extreme guilt feelings
- concentration problems
- suicide thoughts/attempts
6
Q
behaviour (clinical characteristics depression)
A
- passivity
- psychomotor inhibition or agitation
7
Q
interpersonal dealings (clinical characteristics depression)
A
- deterioration of relationship with partner or family
- social withdrawal
- poor performance
8
Q
affect (clinical characteristics mania)
A
- euphoric mood
9
Q
perception (clinical characteristics mania)
A
- psychotic mania (delusions of grandeur)
10
Q
somatic condition (clinical characteristics mania)
A
- great energy
- no need for sleep
11
Q
cognitions (clinical characteristics mania)
A
- positive view of oneself, elevated self-esteem
- associative thinking
- easier to distract
12
Q
behaviour (clinical characteristics mania)
A
- hyperactive
- talkative
- risky behaviour
13
Q
motor activity, unipolar
A
agitation sometimes
14
Q
motor activity, bipolar
A
usually withdrawn during depression episode
15
Q
sleep, unipolar
A
problems with falling asleep
16
Q
sleep, bipolar
A
usually longer during depression episode than normal
17
Q
onset age, unipolar
A
late 30’s to early 40’s
18
Q
onset age, bipolar
A
around age 40
19
Q
family exposure, unipolar
A
relatives in the first degree have a high risk of unipolar depression
20
Q
family exposure, bipolar
A
relatives in the first degree have a high risk of unipolar an bipolar depression
21
Q
gender, unipolar
A
ocures more often in women
22
Q
gender, bipolar
A
equally common in both sexes
23
Q
biological treatment, unipolar
A
antidepressents
24
Q
biological treatment, bipolar
A
lithium
25
genetic theory depression
disrupted genes predispose towards depression or bipolar disorder
26
neurotransmitter theories depression
disturbance in neurotransmitters and their receptors
27
neuro-endocrine abnormalities depression
depressive people suffer from a dysfunctional stress system
28
empirically based therapy depression
- no proof of efficacy
- still not enough proof of efficacy
- proof of brief efficacy
- proof of lasting efficacy
29
works insufficiently for depression
- gestalt therapy
- transactional analysis
- psychodrama
- bioenergetics
30
biological treatments for mood disorders
- treatment with antidepressants
- light therapy
- electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
31
aversion therapy
pairing substances use/undesirable behaviour with aversive stimulus
32
habit learning
when the operant response is no longer motivated by it's outcome
33
substance use disorders
disorders that involve chronic difficulties in resisting the desire to drink alcohol or take drugs.
34
gambling disorder
involve the inability to resist the impulse to gamble
35
substance
is any natural or synthesized product that had psychoactive effects, it changes perceptions, thoughts, emotions and behaviours.
36
substance intoxication
a set of behavioural and psychological changes that occur as a result of the physiological effects of a substance on the central nervous system.
37
substance withdrawal
a set of physiological and behavioural symptoms that result when people who have been using substances heavily for prolonged periods of time stop or greatly reduce their use
38
substance abuse
when a person's recurrent use of a substance resulted in significant harmful consequences compromising one of four categories within a 12-month period
39
tolerance
the experience of diminished effects from the same dose of a substance and need more and more of it to achieve intoxication
40
DSM-5 criteria for a substance use disorder
impaired control continued use of substances despite negative social, occupational, health consequences, risky use, evidence of tolerance and withdrawal
41
delirium tremens
auditory, visual, tactile hallucinations occur, they may sleep little, become agitated and disoriented
42
alcohol misuse
binge drinking and heavy drinking are associated with significant health problems. Binge drinking is often common on college campuses and among members of fraternities and sororities
43
benzodiazepines
depress the central nervous system. Intoxication and withdrawal from these substances are similar to alcohol intoxication and withdrawal
44
stimulants
activate the central nervous system causing feelings of energy, happiness and power. A decreased desire for sleep and a diminished appetite.
45
cocaine
produces a instant rush of intense euphoria followed by heightened self-esteem, alertness, energy, feelings of competence and creativity. activates areas of the brain that register reward and pleasure.
46
amphetamines
are stimulants prescribed for the treatment of attention problems, narcolepsy and chronic fatigue
47
nicotine
is an alkaloid found in tobacco, and cigarettes get this substance to the brain within seconds.
48
hallucinogens
produce perceptual changes even in small doses. Are a mixed group of substances:
- lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)
- peyote
- psilocybin mushrooms
49
phencyclidine (PCP)
is manufactured as a powder to be snorted or smoked. At low doses it produces a sense of intoxication, euphoria or affective dulling, talkativeness, lack of concern, slowed reaction time, vertigo, eye twitching, mild hypertension, abnormal involuntary movements of weakness. At high doses it produces amnesia, seizures, hypothermia and hyperthermia
50
Ecstasy (XTC)
users experience heightened energy and restlessness and claim that their social inhibitions decrease and their affection for others increases
51
GHB
is a central nervous system depressant approved for the treatment of the sleep disorder narcolepsy and it can relieve anxiety and promote relaxation.
52
ketamine
can elicit an out-of-body or near-death experience. the effects include numbness, loss of coordination, a sense of invulnerability, muscle rigidity, aggressive or violent behaviour, slurred or blocked speech
53
antagonist drugs
block or change the effects of the addictive drug, reducing the desire for it.
54
methadone
is an opioid that has less potent and less long-lasting effects than heroin when taken orally. It is used to reduce extreme negative withdrawal symptoms from herion dependence and blocks heroin's intense psychological effects by blocking the receptors
55
behavioural treatments
are based on aversive classical conditioning are sometimes used alone or in combination with biological or other psychosocial therapies.
56
cognitive treatments
interventions based on the cognitive models of alcohol abuse and dependency help clients identify situations in which they are most likely to drink and lose control over their drinking.
57
motivational interviewing
was developed to elicit and solidify client's motivation and commitment to changing their substance use.
58
abstinence violation effect
consists of a sense of conflict and guilt when an abstinent alcohol abuser or dependent violates abstinence and has a drink, which may lead to continue to drink
59
relapse prevention programs
teach people who abuse alcohol to view slips as temporary and situationally caused.
60
internet gaming disorder
is not listed in the DSM, but appears in the section listing conditions requiring further study. It can affect well-being and occupational and social lives
61
psychomotor retardation
many people are slowed down when depressed. It is characterized by walking and speaking more slowly and also quietly, as well as prolonged reaction times
62
persistent depressive disorder
has as its essential feature a depressed mood for most of the day, for more days than not, for at least 2 years. poor appetite, insomnia, low energy, low-self-esteem, poor concentration, hopelessness (two or more need to be present)
63
anxious distress (depression)
prominent anxiety symptoms as well as depressive symptoms
64
mixed features (depression)
meet criteria for a major depressive disorder and at least three symptoms of mania, but not fully a manic episode
65
melancholic features (depression)
physiological symptoms are particularly prominent
66
psychotic features (depression)
experience delusions and hallucinations
67
catatonic features (depression)
show strange behaviours known as catatonic
68
atypical features (depression)
odd assortment of symptoms
69
seasonal pattern (depression)
referred to as seasonal affective disorder. people have a history of at least two years of experiencing and fully recovering from a major depressive episode. they recover when the daylight hours are long and become depressed when the daylight hours are short.
70
peripartum onset (depression)
when the onset of a major depressive episode occurs during pregnancy or in the 4 weeks following childbirth for women
71
premenstrual dysphoric disorder
some women regularly experience significant increases in distress during the premenstrual phase of their cycle.
72
mania
have unrealistic positive and grandiose self-esteem. They experience racing thoughts and impulses. These thoughts can be delusional. This mood must be shown for al least one week.
73
bipolar | disorder
must experience full criteria of mania and will eventually fall into a depressive episode.
74
bipolar || disorder
the same symptoms as mania, but the episodes are milder
75
cyclothymic disorder
the person alternates between periods of some hypomanic symptoms and periods of some depressive symptoms chronically over at least a two year period
76
genetic factors (depression)
first-degree relatives of people with major depressive disorder are two to three times more likely to also have depression than are the first-degree relative of people without the disorder.
77
neurotransmitters theories (depression)
the neurotransmitters that have been implicated most often in depression are monamines, norepinephrine, serotonin and to a lesser extent dopamine. the release process, serotonin, may be abnormal in the case of depression
78
structure and functional brain abnormalities (depression)
there are at least four areas of the brain that show abnormalities in people with depression: the prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate, hippocampus and amygdala.
79
neuroendocrine factors (depression)
the neuroendocrine system regulates several important hormones, which turn affect basis functions such as sleep, appetite, sexual drive and the ability to experience pleasure.
80
behavioural theories (depression)
suggest that life stress leads to depression because it reduces the positive reinforcers in a person's life. Depression often arises as a reaction to stressful negative events.
81
learned helplessness theory
suggests that the type of stressful events most likely to lead to depression is an incontrollable negative event.
82
negative cognitive triad (depression)
they have negative views of themselves, the world and the future
83
reformulated learned helplessness (depression)
explains how cognitive factors might influence whether a person becomes helpless and depressed following a negative event.
84
hopelessness depression
develops when people make pessimistic attributions for the most important events in their lives an perceive that they have no way to cope with the consequences of these events
85
the ruminative response styles theory
focuses more on the process of thinking than on the content of thinking as a contributor te depression
86
interpersonal theories of depression
focus on relationships, since interpersonal difficulties and losses frequently precede depression and are the stressors most commonly reported as triggering depression
87
rejection sensitivity
some people have heightened need for approval and expressions of support from others but at the same time easily perceive rejections by others
88
cohorts effects (depression)
exists when people's difference on some psychological variable depends not on their age per se, but instead on the era in which they were born and lived
89
genetic factors (bipolar)
bipolar disorder is strongly and consistently linked to genetic factors, although the specific genetic abnormalities that contribute are not yet known
90
structural and functional brain abnormalities (bipolar)
is associated with abnormalities in the structure and functioning of the amygdala, which is involved in the processing of emotions, and the prefrontal cortex.
91
neurotransmitter factors (bipolar)
dysregulation in the dopamine system may lead to excessive reward seeking during the manic phase and a lack of reward-seeking in the depressed phase
92
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI's)
are widely used to treat depressive symptoms. They are more effective in the treatment of depression than the other available antidepressants, but they have fewer difficult-to-tolerate side effects
93
selective serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRI's)
influence two neurotransmitters and show a slight advantage over SSRI's in preventing te relapse of depression.
94
bupropion
it is especially useful in treating people suffering from psychomotor retardation, anhedonia, hypersomnia, cognitive slowing, inattention and craving
95
tricyclic antidepressants
some of the first drugs to relieve depression, they are used much less these days because of the numerous of side effects. Also fatal when taking an overdose
96
monoamine oxidase inhibitors
another older class of drugs that is no longer used frequently to treat depression. Also comes with dangerous side effects, damage or severe lowering of blood pressure
97
lithium
mood stabilizer, improving the functioning of the intracellular processes that appear to be abnormal in mood disorders. The person taking lithium must be monitored carefully, whether the dosage is adequate to relieve the symptoms, but not cause toxic side effects
98
anticonvulsant and atypical antipsychotic medications
were discovered to reduce seizures and stabilize mood in people with bipolar disorder. Side effects are blurred vision, pain, vertigo, dizziness, rash, nausea etc.
99
repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation
the patient is exposed to repeated high intensity magnetic pulses focused on particular brain structures.
100
vagus nerve stimulation
the vagus nerve is stimulated, it is part of the autonomic nervous system. A small electrical device is surgically implanted under the patients skin in the left chest wall
101
deep brain stimulation
Electrodes are surgically implanted in specific areas of the brain
102
Light therapy
people with seasonal affective disorder are exposed to bright light for a few hours each day during the winter months, which can significantly reduce some people's symptoms
103
behavioural therapy
focuses on increasing positive reinforcers and decreasing aversive experiences in an individuals life by helping the depressed person change his or het patterns with the environment and with other people
104
cognitive behavioural therapy
first it aims to change the negative hopeless patterns of thinking. Second it aims to help people with depression solve concrete problems in their lives and develop skills for being more effective in the world.
105
Family focused therapy
is also designed to reduce interpersonal stress in people with bipolar disorder, particularly within context of family.
106
suicide ideation
thinking about committing suicide but never attempt to kill themselves
107
non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI)
some people repeatedly cut, burn, puncture or otherwise significantly injure their skin with no intent to die. It functions in a way to regulate emotion.
108
egoistic suicide
is committed by people who feel alienated from others of social contacts, and alone in an unsupportive world.
109
anomic suicide
is committed by people who experience severe disorientation because of a major change in their relationship with society
110
altruistic suicide
is committed by people who believe that taking their life will benefit society.
111
suicide contagion
when a well-known member of society commits suicide, people who closely identify with that person may see suicide a more acceptable
112
suicide prevention
suicide hotline and crisis intervention centers provide help to suicidal people in times of their greatest need, hoping to prevent a suicidal act until the suicidal feelings have passed.
113
what to do if a friend is suicidal
1. take the person seriously
2. get help
3. express concern
4. ask if they made suicide plans
5. acknowledge feelings
6. reassure the person that things can be better
7. don't promise confidentiality
8. make sure means of self-harm are not available
9. don't leave the person alone, if possible
10. take care of yourself
