Week 6 Varieties Of English (Manchester, GA, South American)

Question 1

North of England (Manchester)

Answer 1

Consonants
- Non Rhotic variety/r/ only in onsets (may be realised as [ɾ] respecially btw two vowels (story) sometimes in intial clusters (through)
- h-dropping is frequent in spontaneous speech
- l is realised as dark ɫ in all positions even in the onset (may be vocalised in the coda mɪiʊ) less commonly vocalised inonset positions so that it can be realised w
- th fronting is very common
- t glottaling is very common btw two vowels or before a consonant
- final ng sequences are realised siŋɡ or sometimes n
ŋ is not a phoneme in this variety

Vowels

Ni difference btw FOOT and STRUT ʊ
The following vowels are usually realized as monophthongs
Face e:
Goat o:
Near I:
Square 3:
No difference btw trap and bath
Palm and start are fronted to a:
The final vowel in letter and comma is usually lowered to ʌ
Goose is often diphthongised to ʊu or may be centralised to y:
Fleece is often diphthongised to II
No HappY-tensing RPs final i are usually realised with a more open vowel such as e

Question 2

General American GA

Answer 2

Consonants
Rhotic variety (usually realised as a retroflex approximant ɻ)
Flapping t and d are usually realised as a voiced alveolar flap ɾ btw two vowels and the first vowel can be followed by r
- within a word when the second syllable is unstressed ɾ
Btw tI words geɾ ˈɑːn
Also targets t in ntV clusters where not is realised as n or r~
- yos dropping the glide j may not be pronounced before u: when it’s is preceded by coronal consonant
- l is realised as l~ in all positions even in the onset

Vowel
No difference between trap and bath
No difference btw thought and lot
Word C: in rp for without r in the spelling usually ɑ: in GA
Lot is also realised ɑ: in GA
Rp əʊ is realised oʊ
There can be a neutralisation of the ae ~ e contrast before r
GA does not have ʌr sequences realised as ɜr

Question 3

Southern American English

Answer 3

Consonants
Variably rhtic variety coda r is not systematically pronounced
Flapping of t and d
No jod dropping
M voiceless labio velar approximants in wh -words so which≠witch and what ≠watt
Vowels
Kit frequently as iə
Before ŋ æ ɛɪ in words in ING
Dress pin/pen merger before n and m
No difference btw trap and bath æɛ
Strut is usually realised ɜ ɜː
Cloth is realised ɑʊ
Lot is realised ɑː
Foot is centralised ʊ̈
Fleece and goose are usually diphthongised
Face and goat are shifted around as æɪ ɔʊ æu
Thought is diphthong ɑɒ
Price is monophthongs a: except before voiceless consonants
Mouth is realised æɔ
No happy tensing

R- colored vowels are all diphthongs
Start ɑɘ
Nurse ɜɪ
North ɔɘ
Square æə
Near iə
Cure uə