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HSN101 > Week 6 - The Health of Australian's > Flashcards

Week 6 - The Health of Australian's Flashcards

1
Q

Life Expectancy

A 
Indigenous 
Males - 72 years
Females - 76 years
Non-indigenous
Males - 80 years
Females - 83 years
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2
Q

Leading causes of death

A 
Coronary heart disease
Dementia and alzheimer 
Cerebrovascular disease
Lung cancer
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
For indigenous it includes suicide
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3
Q

Burden of disease

A 
Cancer
Cardiovascular diseases
Neurological conditions
Injury
Respiratory disease
Gastrointestinal
Infectious
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4
Q

Health and age trend

A

As age increases level of health decreases

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5
Q

Health and disadvantage

A

As socioeconomic status increases, level of health also increases

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6
Q

Weight status

A

33% of Australians are obese, 60% are overweight/obese

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7
Q

Waist circumference

A

Increases with age

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8
Q

Child weight status

A
  • The proportion of obesity/overweight has increased overtime
  • As age increases the proportion of obesity/overweight increases
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9
Q

Cardiovascular disease

A
  • Includes all diseases and conditions of the heart and blood vessels
  • Types include;
    Coronary heart disease (CHD)
    Stroke
    Heart failure
    Rheumatic heart disease
    Congenital heart disease
  • Main cause is atherosclerosis
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10
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

Build up of fatty deposits in arteries which cause blockages

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11
Q

Coronary Heart Disease

A
  • Also known as ischemic heart disease
  • Heart attacks and angina
  • Risk factors include;
    Smoking
    High BP
    High cholesterol
    Diabetes
    Overweight
    Physically inactive
    Depression
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12
Q

Stroke

A
  • Artery supplying blood to the brain is blocked or begins to bleed
  • 2 types; ischaemic and hemorrhagic
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13
Q

Proportion of people affected by health risk factors

A
  • More prevalent in remote areas
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14
Q

CVD

A
  • 5 billion in 2012-2013 (11.1% of total health expenditure)
  • CVD causes largest number of lost years through death in males over 75 years of age
  • 3.4 million Australian’s have 1 or more long term diseases of the circulatory system
  • 1.4 million of these people report having a disability that led to mild to profound restriction on core activities
  • 13% of Indigenous Australians had CVD (2012-2013)
  • 1.2x more common that non-indigenous
  • Leading cause of death (24%)
  • CHD is the leading cause of CVD deaths
  • 1.6x higher for Indigenous
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15
Q

Heart health

A
  • Be smoke free
  • Manage blood cholesterol
  • Manage blood pressure
  • Manage diabetes
  • Be physically active
  • Achieve and maintain a healthy weight
  • Enjoy a variety of nutritious foods
  • Eat less salt
  • Replace unhealthy fat with healthy fat
  • Limit alcohol
  • Look after your mental health
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16
Q

Type 2 Diabetes

A
  • Lifestyle disease
  • Associated with high blood pressure, high cholesterol and weight gain
  • 85-80% of people with diabetes have type 2 diabetes
  • Cells don’t respond to insulin properly and over time a build up of glucose occurs in the blood and can cause damage to parts of the body
  • Frequently undiagnosed
  • Among top 10 leading causes of death in developed world
  • 4.1% of the total population in Australia have it
  • Type 2 diabetes is projected to becomes the leading cause of disease burden by 2023
17
Q

Trend of diabetes

A

Prevalence increased from 1988 to 2013

18
Q

Diabetes in Indigenous Australians

A
  • 13% of adults
  • 3.5 times more likely than non-Indigenous
  • Affects Indigenous at a younger age
  • Second leading cause of death in Indigenous Australians
  • Death rate is 5.2 times higher than for non-Indigenous Australian’s
  • prevalence increases with age and remoteness
19
Q

Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes

A
  • Maintain a healthy weight
  • Regular physical activity
  • Make healthy food choices
  • Manage blood pressure
  • Manage cholesterol levels
  • No smoking
20
Q

Cancer

A
  • Disease of the body’s cells
  • Cells normally grow and multiply in a controlled way. Cancer causes cells to multiply in an uncontrolled way
  • If damaged cells spread into surrounding areas of the body they are malignant
  • If they stay in the same area they are benign
  • Most common cancers in Australia include;
    Prostate
    Colorectal
    Breast
    Melanoma
    Lung
    Leading cause of cancer deaths is lung cancer
21
Q

Indigenous and Cancer

A 
More common
- Lung and other smoking related cancers
- Cervical cancer and the cancer of the uterus
- Liver cancer
- Head and neck cancers
Less common
- Breast cancer
- Prostate cancer
- Bowel cancer
22
Q

Types of food that impact disease

A
  • Fat
  • Salt
  • Fruits and vegetables
  • Alcohol
  • Total energy
23
Q

How is a relationship established between food and disease

A 
- Epidemiological studies
Comparison between countries
Migration studies
- Case control
Look at people with and without the disease
- Longitudinal studies
Follow up over time and look at disease states
- Intervention studies
Change diet - does disease rate change
24
Q

Fat

A
  • Relationship between total fat and mortality
  • Stronger relationship saturated fat and mortality
  • Additionally showed that with high saturated fat the other risk factors become more dangerous
25
Q

Sodium

A
  • Hypertension, 25% men, 20% women
26
Q

Fruits and vegetables

A
  • 11% cancers attributable to inadequate fruit and vegetables
  • Prevention of stroke, overweight/obesity
  • 26% reduction stroke with over 5 serves a day
27
Q

Alcohol

A
  • 20% all deaths 15-34 years olds attributable to alcohol
  • Associated with CVD, cancers, diabetes, overweight/obesity, liver disease, self harm, long term cognitive impairment
  • Also road injuries, violence, crime, social dysfunction and family breakdowns
28
Q

Total Energy

A
  • Weight gain occurs when you eat more energy than you use each day
  • Things that will increase risk include;
    High energy nutrient poor diet
    Junk foods/ drinks
    Portion sizes
    High fat
    Fast foods/eating out
  • Overweight and obesity measured with BMI
29
Q

BMI and mortality trend

A

As BMI increases disease risk also increases

30
Q

Vegetarian diets and health

A
  • Decrease risk of heart disease
  • 24% reduction in mortality from Ischemic Heart Disease
  • Lower blood pressure
  • Decreased body weight
  • More likely to be active
  • Less likely to smoke
  • Decrease in cancers
31
Q

Dietary approaches to stop hypertension

A
  • Lower total fats
  • Increase fruits and vegetables
  • Low fat dairy foods
  • Increase nuts and legumes
32
Q

Weight control

A
  • Reduce total energy input
  • Low fat diet
  • Rich in fruits and vegetables
  • Lean meats
  • Low fat dairy
  • Restrict alcohol
33
Q

Micronutrient concerns

A
  • National iodine level was low so salt was fortified

- Folate was added to cereal to combat low levels

34
Q

Food and health

A
  • Health results from multitude of behaviours
  • Health results from a lifetime of behaviours
  • No concept as good and bad foods
35
Q

Healthy behaviours

A
  • Avoidance of alcohol abuse, drugs, smoking
  • Socialisation
  • Activity patterns
  • Sensible healthy food choices

HSN101 (10 decks)

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