Week 6 - The Health of Australian's Flashcards
1
Q
Life Expectancy
A
Indigenous Males - 72 years Females - 76 years Non-indigenous Males - 80 years Females - 83 years
2
Q
Leading causes of death
A
Coronary heart disease Dementia and alzheimer Cerebrovascular disease Lung cancer Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease For indigenous it includes suicide
3
Q
Burden of disease
A
Cancer Cardiovascular diseases Neurological conditions Injury Respiratory disease Gastrointestinal Infectious
4
Q
Health and age trend
A
As age increases level of health decreases
5
Q
Health and disadvantage
A
As socioeconomic status increases, level of health also increases
6
Q
Weight status
A
33% of Australians are obese, 60% are overweight/obese
7
Q
Waist circumference
A
Increases with age
8
Q
Child weight status
A
- The proportion of obesity/overweight has increased overtime
- As age increases the proportion of obesity/overweight increases
9
Q
Cardiovascular disease
A
- Includes all diseases and conditions of the heart and blood vessels
- Types include;
Coronary heart disease (CHD)
Stroke
Heart failure
Rheumatic heart disease
Congenital heart disease - Main cause is atherosclerosis
10
Q
Atherosclerosis
A
Build up of fatty deposits in arteries which cause blockages
11
Q
Coronary Heart Disease
A
- Also known as ischemic heart disease
- Heart attacks and angina
- Risk factors include;
Smoking
High BP
High cholesterol
Diabetes
Overweight
Physically inactive
Depression
12
Q
Stroke
A
- Artery supplying blood to the brain is blocked or begins to bleed
- 2 types; ischaemic and hemorrhagic
13
Q
Proportion of people affected by health risk factors
A
- More prevalent in remote areas
14
Q
CVD
A
- 5 billion in 2012-2013 (11.1% of total health expenditure)
- CVD causes largest number of lost years through death in males over 75 years of age
- 3.4 million Australian’s have 1 or more long term diseases of the circulatory system
- 1.4 million of these people report having a disability that led to mild to profound restriction on core activities
- 13% of Indigenous Australians had CVD (2012-2013)
- 1.2x more common that non-indigenous
- Leading cause of death (24%)
- CHD is the leading cause of CVD deaths
- 1.6x higher for Indigenous
15
Q
Heart health
A
- Be smoke free
- Manage blood cholesterol
- Manage blood pressure
- Manage diabetes
- Be physically active
- Achieve and maintain a healthy weight
- Enjoy a variety of nutritious foods
- Eat less salt
- Replace unhealthy fat with healthy fat
- Limit alcohol
- Look after your mental health
16
Q
Type 2 Diabetes
A
- Lifestyle disease
- Associated with high blood pressure, high cholesterol and weight gain
- 85-80% of people with diabetes have type 2 diabetes
- Cells don’t respond to insulin properly and over time a build up of glucose occurs in the blood and can cause damage to parts of the body
- Frequently undiagnosed
- Among top 10 leading causes of death in developed world
- 4.1% of the total population in Australia have it
- Type 2 diabetes is projected to becomes the leading cause of disease burden by 2023
17
Q
Trend of diabetes
A
Prevalence increased from 1988 to 2013
18
Q
Diabetes in Indigenous Australians
A
- 13% of adults
- 3.5 times more likely than non-Indigenous
- Affects Indigenous at a younger age
- Second leading cause of death in Indigenous Australians
- Death rate is 5.2 times higher than for non-Indigenous Australian’s
- prevalence increases with age and remoteness
19
Q
Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes
A
- Maintain a healthy weight
- Regular physical activity
- Make healthy food choices
- Manage blood pressure
- Manage cholesterol levels
- No smoking
20
Q
Cancer
A
- Disease of the body’s cells
- Cells normally grow and multiply in a controlled way. Cancer causes cells to multiply in an uncontrolled way
- If damaged cells spread into surrounding areas of the body they are malignant
- If they stay in the same area they are benign
- Most common cancers in Australia include;
Prostate
Colorectal
Breast
Melanoma
Lung
Leading cause of cancer deaths is lung cancer
21
Q
Indigenous and Cancer
A
More common - Lung and other smoking related cancers - Cervical cancer and the cancer of the uterus - Liver cancer - Head and neck cancers Less common - Breast cancer - Prostate cancer - Bowel cancer
22
Q
Types of food that impact disease
A
- Fat
- Salt
- Fruits and vegetables
- Alcohol
- Total energy
23
Q
How is a relationship established between food and disease
A
- Epidemiological studies Comparison between countries Migration studies - Case control Look at people with and without the disease - Longitudinal studies Follow up over time and look at disease states - Intervention studies Change diet - does disease rate change
24
Q
Fat
A
- Relationship between total fat and mortality
- Stronger relationship saturated fat and mortality
- Additionally showed that with high saturated fat the other risk factors become more dangerous
25
Q
Sodium
A
- Hypertension, 25% men, 20% women
26
Q
Fruits and vegetables
A
- 11% cancers attributable to inadequate fruit and vegetables
- Prevention of stroke, overweight/obesity
- 26% reduction stroke with over 5 serves a day
27
Q
Alcohol
A
- 20% all deaths 15-34 years olds attributable to alcohol
- Associated with CVD, cancers, diabetes, overweight/obesity, liver disease, self harm, long term cognitive impairment
- Also road injuries, violence, crime, social dysfunction and family breakdowns
28
Q
Total Energy
A
- Weight gain occurs when you eat more energy than you use each day
- Things that will increase risk include;
High energy nutrient poor diet
Junk foods/ drinks
Portion sizes
High fat
Fast foods/eating out - Overweight and obesity measured with BMI
29
Q
BMI and mortality trend
A
As BMI increases disease risk also increases
30
Q
Vegetarian diets and health
A
- Decrease risk of heart disease
- 24% reduction in mortality from Ischemic Heart Disease
- Lower blood pressure
- Decreased body weight
- More likely to be active
- Less likely to smoke
- Decrease in cancers
31
Q
Dietary approaches to stop hypertension
A
- Lower total fats
- Increase fruits and vegetables
- Low fat dairy foods
- Increase nuts and legumes
32
Q
Weight control
A
- Reduce total energy input
- Low fat diet
- Rich in fruits and vegetables
- Lean meats
- Low fat dairy
- Restrict alcohol
33
Q
Micronutrient concerns
A
- National iodine level was low so salt was fortified
- Folate was added to cereal to combat low levels
34
Q
Food and health
A
- Health results from multitude of behaviours
- Health results from a lifetime of behaviours
- No concept as good and bad foods
35
Q
Healthy behaviours
A
- Avoidance of alcohol abuse, drugs, smoking
- Socialisation
- Activity patterns
- Sensible healthy food choices
