Week 6: Renal Disorders and Urologic Disorders Flashcards
What is a urinary tract obstructions?
Interference of urine flow at any site along the urinary tract.
What are common causes of urinary tract infections?
Kidney stones
Prostate enlargement
Bladder cancer
What are 2 common types of complications with urinary tract infections?
UTIs
Hydronephrosis: Dilation of the renal pelvis and calyces due to backpressure from obstructed urine flow.
What are Urolithiasis aka kidney stones?
Solid masses or crystals formed in the urinary tract.
What is usually the compositions of kidney stones?
Calcium salts: Most common type of kidney stones.
Magnesium salts (struvite): Often associated with UTIs
Uric acid: Related to metabolic disorders
What are the risk factors of kidney stones?
Hypercalcemia
Gout: A metabolic disorder characterized by high uric acid levels.
Alkaline urine: Urine pH that promotes crystal formation.
What are the clinical manifestations of kidney stones?
“Renal Colic”: Severe, intermittent pain caused by the passage of stones.
Obstruction: Blockage of urine flow.
Inflammation: Irritation and swelling of the urinary tract.
Hematuria: Blood in the urine.
What is Vesico-ureteral reflux?
The abnormal backward flow of urine from the bladder into the ureters and kidneys.
What causes Vesico-ureteral reflux?
Congenital defects, bladder infections, or obstructions.
What are the complications of Vesico-ureteral reflux?
Increased risk of UTIs and kidney damage
What is Hydronephrosis?
Enlargement of the kidney due to urine backup.
What causes Hydronephrosis?
Urinary tract obstruction, such as kidney stones or tumors.
What are the complications of Hydrophrosis?
Kidney damage, decreased renal function, and renal failure.
What kind of tumors can occur in the urinary tract?
Tumors can develop in various parts of the urinary tract, including the bladder and kidneys. These tumors can be benign or malignant
What are the most common type of tumours in the urinary tract?
bladder cancer and renal cell carcinoma
What is bladder cancer?
often transitional cell carcinoma, is a common malignancy of the urinary tract
What is a major risk factor for bladder cancer?
Smoking and chlorine exposure
What is the most common symptom of bladder cancer?
Hematuria (blood in the urine)
What are the 2 different types of kidney cancers? what is the difference?
Renal cell carcinoma is the most common type of kidney cancer in adults
Nephroblastoma (Wilms tumor) is a common kidney cancer in children.
What are glomerular disorders?
Damage and inflammation of the glomeruli, the filtering units of the kidneys
What is Glomerulonephritis?
Inflammation of the glomeruli, often caused by immune-related injuries or conditions like diabetes
How does Immune glomerular injury and Diabetes affect Glomerulonephritis?
There common causes:
Immune glomerular injury: Antibodies attacking the glomeruli.
Diabetes: High blood sugar levels damaging the glomeruli.
Glomerulonephritis can cause nephritic syndrome which have S&S of:
Proteinuria: Protein in the urine.
Hematuria: Blood in the urine.
Inflammation: Swelling and irritation of the glomeruli.
What are the Mechanisms of Glomerular Injury?
various mechanisms, often involving immune responses and inflammation.
