Week 5: Respiratory 2

Question 1

What is surfactant?

Answer 1

Very thin coat that covers all the alveoli and reduces surface tension

Question 2

What causes respiratory distress of the newborn?

Answer 2

Deficiency of surfactant

Question 3

What produces surfactant?

Answer 3

type 2 alveolar cells

Question 4

What happens if surface tension is high?

Answer 4

The alveolar would collapse

Question 5

When is surfactant formed?

Answer 5

At full term 38-40 weeks gestation

Question 6

How are the type 2 cells in a premature baby? what about if born at 28 weeks?

Answer 6

Not fully formed

At 28 weeks, type 2 cells haven’t even formed they don’t exist yet

Question 7

What happens if a newborn has a surfactant deficiency?

Answer 7

Causes Atelectasis then respiratory failure

Question 8

What is Pneumonia?

Answer 8

Lung infection frequently bacterial

Question 9

What happened in the alveoli with a person with pneumonia?

Answer 9

Filled with inflammation due to bacteria it’ll come with edema, exudate and neutrophils

This will cause the alveoli to not be able to ventilate as they are filled

Question 10

What bacterias cause pneumonia?

Answer 10

Strep pneumonia, haemophilus, aeruginosa (burns), aureus (hospital) and Klebsiella

Question 11

How is bacterial pneumonia treated?

Answer 11

With broad spectrum antibiotics, it this doesn’t work culture of sputum to see which specific bacteria it is and its drug sensitivity

Question 12

What are other causes of pneumonia?

Answer 12

Viruses, mycoplasms (immunosuppressed), fungi and chemicals

Question 13

Does pneumonia affect the whole lung?

Answer 13

Not usually, most likely only in one specific part of the lobe

Question 14

What are S&S of pneumonia?

Answer 14

Fever and SOB

Question 15

How long is treatment for pneumonia?

Answer 15

Improves fast with antibiotics and it followed up by x-rays

Question 16

What are the 3 complications of pneumonia? How are they treated?

Answer 16

Pleural effusion, treated by aggressive antibiotics and aspiration

Emphysema, injecting antibiotic into the site

Lung abscess, very difficult to treat

Question 17

What is tuberculosis?

Answer 17

Infection in the lung caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis

Question 18

What happens when a person is exposed to another person with tuberculosis?

Answer 18

They would inhale the mycobacterium and cause inflammation

Question 19

What is the problem with the macrophages in the inflammation?

Answer 19

Macrophages cannot digest the mycobacterium, instead they form giant cells which causes chronic inflammation

Question 20

What do the macrophages attract since they cannot remove the bacterium?

Answer 20

T cells which are lymphocytes and they will form granulomas?

Question 21

What are granulomas?

Answer 21

Group of cells that have a bacteria centre

Question 22

How can you detect granulomas and tuberculosis?

Answer 22

With an acid fast stain its the best option

Question 23

When can x-rays detect tuberculosis?

Answer 23

If granulomas have calcified

Question 24

Where can mycobacterium spread to?

Answer 24

Lymphatics and produce granulomas in lymph nodes

Question 25

What is dangerous regarding granulomas?

Answer 25

They can undergo necrosis and develop holes which makes it hard to treat as antibiotics can't get into the holes

Question 26

What is primary tuberculosis?

Answer 26

Granuloma is created and becomes healed dormant lesion Person will not know they have it as the rest of the lungs are fine

Question 27

what is the Gohn complex in primary tuberculosis?

Answer 27

Mass of granulomas and lymph nodes are affected

Question 28

What is secondary tuberculosis?

Answer 28

When its active Either reinfection or Immunosuppressed. Granulomas are opens and person is contagious with S&S

Question 29

What is pulmonary thromboembolism?

Answer 29

Clot travels from the legs into the lungs

Question 30

What is the order of travelling for a pulmonary thromboembolism?

Answer 30

Clot comes from legs Then inferior vena cava Right atrium Right ventricle Then pulmonary artery

Question 31

Once the clot reaches the pulmonary artery what happens?

Answer 31

It stays lodged and obstructs the artery completely Any tissue supplied by the artery will die and person will go into respiratory failure

Question 32

What is acute respiratory distress syndrome?

Answer 32

Severe acute failure in the lungs, that causes inflammation in both lungs

Question 33

What else does acute respiratory distress syndrome cause?

Answer 33

Atelectasis Absence of surfactant Pulmonary hypertension Pulmonary fibrosis

Question 34

What bad combination happens in acute respiratory distress syndrome?

Answer 34

Damage to alveolar and endothelial cells from inflammation The membranes that usually allow oxygen and CO2 diffusion will not happen

Question 35

What other organ does larynx cancer affect?

Answer 35

The vocal cords, easy to diagnose since voice will change

Question 36

What is larynx cancer usually related to?

Answer 36

Smoking

Question 37

Is larynx cancer aggressive?

Answer 37

Yes, very. Squamous cell carcinoma invades locally but also metastasizes into the lymph nodes in the neck

Question 38

What is treatment for larynx cancer?

Answer 38

Larynectomy and person will lose their voice

Question 39

What are 2 types of lung cancers that are common?

Answer 39

Squamous cell carcinoma and Adenocarinoma

Question 40

Which lung cancer is very rare?

Answer 40

Small cell carcinoma

Question 41

What is adenocarcinoma and how are the symptoms?

Answer 41

1 nodules surrounded around normal lung No symptoms even at stage 3, very silent

Question 42

What is hemoptysis and how does it relate to lung cancer?

Answer 42

Coughing up blood, First common sign of lung cancer

Question 43

What is the cancer of the pleura?

Answer 43

Mesothelioma and is strongly linked to asbestos exposure

Question 44

What is pneumoconiosis?

Answer 44

Disease caused by inhalation of foreign particles against companies due to asbestos exposure

Question 45

What are the 3 different types of pneumoconiosis?

Answer 45

Anthracosis: coal dust accumulation in lungs Asbestos: Fibers found in the lungs Silicosis: Silica inhalation