Week 6 Pain Flashcards

1
Q

Pain by origin

A

Superficial- skin or subcutaneous (burns and abrasions)

Visceral- deep internal (abdominal, cranium, thorax) not well localized,
Can be called tight, pressure, crampy pain

Somatic- ligaments, tendons, nerves, blood vessels and bone. Localized, achy or tender. Think fracture or sprain, arthritis, bone cancer

Radiating- pain spreads from origin like heartburn

Referred- pain distant from origin site like heart attack

Phantom- missing limb

Psychogenic- pain exists from origin with no known cause.

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2
Q

Nociceptive pain
(Cause)

A

Nociceptors stimulated- caused by noxious thermal, chemical, or mechanical stimuli
(Visceral & somatic)

Described as aching commonly

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3
Q

Neuropathic pain
(Causes)

A

Complex and often chronic pain, arising from injury to one or more nerves.
Repeated pain signal w/o stimuli

Described as burning, numbness, itching, prickling pain,

Origin- stroke, diabetes, tumor, amputation, viral infection.

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4
Q

Duration of pain

A

Acute- varies in intensity and lasts up to 6 months.

Chronic- persistent 3 to 6 month or longer. May experience periods of remission and exacerbation.
Fall more often, disturbed sleep and appetite, and ADLs

Intractable- chronic and resistance to relief. Approach with multiple methods of pain relief

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5
Q

Quality of Pain

A

Quality- sharp or dull, aching, throbbing, stabbing, burning, ripping, searing, or tingling

Periodicity- episodic, intermittent, or constant

Intensity- mild, distracting, moderate, severe, or intolerable

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6
Q

Unrelieved pain systemic effects

(Endocrine)

A

Endocrine- excessive release of hormones (ADH, cortisol, GH, glucagon)
Insulin and testosterone decrease.

This all leads to macronutrients catabolism, and inflammatory response results in weight loss, tachycardia, fever, increased respiratory rate and death

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7
Q

Unrelieved pain
Cardiovascular

A

Leads to hyper-coagulation and increase heart rate, blood pressure, cardiac workload, and oxygen demand. May lead to unstable angina(chest pain), intracoronary thrombosis(clots in heart vessels), and myocardial ischemia and infraction (heart attack)

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8
Q

Un relieved pain
Musculoskeletal system

A

Impaired muscle function, fatigue, immobility.
Impaired ADL’s

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9
Q

Unrelieved pain
Respiratory system

A

Shallow breathing, to reduce movement to thoracic and abdominal regions. This is called “splinting” increases inhaling and exhaling pressures.

Can lead to pneumonia and atelectasis as well under-ventilation and respiratory acidosis

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10
Q

Unrelieved pain
Genitourinary system

A

Release of excessive amounts of catecholamines, aldosterone, ADH, cortisol, angiotensin 2, and prostaglandins.

Lead to decreased urinary output, retention, fluid overload, hypokalemia, hypertension, and increased cardiac output

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11
Q

Unrelieved pain
Gastrointestinal system

A

Intestinal secretions and smooth muscle tone increase, and gastric emptying and motility decrease.

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12
Q

Pain Physiology

A

Transduction- activation of nociceptors by stimuli

Transmission- conduction of pain message to spinal cord

Pain perception- recognizing and defining pain in cortex

Pain modulation- changing pain perception

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