medications Flashcards
donepezil
(Aricept)
Alzheimer’s Disease
Cholinergics: makes more acetylcholine available to temporarily improve cognition
memantine
(Namenda)
Moderate to severe Alzheimer’s dementia
NMDA inhibitor: prevents binding of glutamate in the brain, to improve congnition
benztropine
(Cogentin)
All forms of Parkinson’s disease.
Anticholinergics: blocks cholinergic activity in CNS to restore natural balance of neurotransmitters
carbidopa/levodopa
(Sinemet)
Parkinson’s disease- tremors and rigidity
Dopamine Agonist: levodopa converted to dopamine, carbidopa prevents its destruction in the peripheral
sertraline
(Zoloft)
Depression, OCD, Bulimia, panic disorder
SSRI
amitriptyline
(Elavil)
Depression
Potentiates the effect of serotonin and norepinephrine in CNS, anticholinergic effect
haloperidol
(Haldol)
Antipsychotic, and Tourette’s syndrome
alters effect of dopamine on CNS, anticholinergic and alpha-adrenergic blocking activity.
Benzos:
(Xanax) and (Ativan)
GAD, Panic disorder, anxiety with depression
GABA (inhibitory neurotransmitter) activity
(alprazolam) & (loazepam)
hydroxyzine
(Vistaril)
treatment of anxiety, Preoperative sedation,
Antiemetic, Antipruritic
Blocks effects of histamine at receptors
Antihistamine
zolpidem
(Ambien)
Insomnia
Produces CNS depression by binding to GABA receptors.
acetaminophen
(Tylenol)
mild pain, and fever
Inhibits the synthesis of prostaglandins that may serve as mediators of pain and fever, primarily in CNS
celecoxib and ibuprofen
(Celebrex) (Motrin, Advil)
Mild to moderate pain, Fever, treatment of inflammatory disorders (rheumatoid and osteoarthritis)
Inhibits prostaglandin synthesis
NSAIDs
phenazopyridine
(Pyridium)
Urinary tract pain
acts locally on the urinary tract mucosa to produce analgesic or local anesthetic effect
codeine, fentanyl (transdermal:Duragesic)
hydrocodone/acetaminophen (vicodin)
morphine sulfate (MS Contin, Roxanol)
oxycodone (Oxycontin)
oxycodone/aspirin (Percodan)
oxycodone/acetaminophen (Percocet)
Moderate to severe pain,
binds to opiate receptors in the CNS, altering the perception of and response to painful stimuli, produce CNS depression
lidocaine patch
(Lidoderm)
topical anesthesia, pain due to post-herpetic neuralgia
Produces local anesthesia by inhibiting transport of ions across neuronal membranes, thereby preventing initiation of normal nerve impulses
metoprolol
(Lopressor, Toprol-XL)
atenolol
(Tenormin)
Hypertension, angina pectoris, tachyarrhythmia, migraine headache (prophylaxis), MI (prevention), heart failure,
and hyperthyroidism
Compete with adrenergic (sympathetic) neurotransmitters (epinephrine and norepinephrine) for adrenergic receptors
lisinopril
(Zestril, Prinivil)
ACE inhibitor- treatment of hypertension and HF
block the conversion of angiotensin 1 to the vasoconstrictor angiotensin 2. Prevent degradation of bradykinin and other vasodilatory prostaglandins
spironolactone
(Aldactone)
Potassium-sparing diuretic
r/t edema from HF, cirrhosis, hypertension, hypokalemia
causes loss of sodium bicarbonate and calcium while saving potassium and hydrogen ions by antagonizing aldosterone.
enoxaparin
(Lovenox)
prevention of deep vein thrombosis, venous thromboembolis, pulmonary embolism, in surgical and medical patients, prevent ischemic complications
potentiates the inhibitory effect of antithrombin on factor Xa and thrombin
timolol
(Timpotic)
Ophthalmic Beta Blockers
(ocular antihypertensive)
Glaucoma
Decreases formation of aqueous humor
amlodipine & diltiazem
(Norvasc) & (Cardizem)
Used in the treatment of hypertension, prophylaxis of angina pectoris or coronary artery spasm
Block calcium entry into cells of vascular smooth muscle and myocardium. Dilates coronary arteries
furosemide
(Lasix)
loop diuretics
hypertension, edema due to HF, hepatic impairment or renal failure
Inhibits the reabsorption of sodium and chloride from the loop of Henle and distal renal tubule. increases renal excretion of water, sodium, chloride, magnesium, potassium, and calcium
digoxin
(Digitek, Lanoxin)
Antiarrhythmics
HF, atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter (slows ventricular rate)
Increases the force of myocardial contraction.
prolongs refractory period of the AV node
Decreases conduction through the SA and AV nodes
ferrous sulfate
(Feosol, Feratab)
Iron supplement for iron deficiency anemia
Essential mineral found in hemoglobin, myoglobin, and many enzymes
Enters the bloodstream and is transported to the organs of the spleen, liver, bone marrow. where it becomes part of the iron stores
folic acid
(Folate, Folvite)
prevention and treatment of megaloblastic and macrocytic anemias. For normal fetal development
Required for protein synthesis and red blood cell function/production, and WBC and platelets.
ergocalciferol
(Calciferol, Vitamin D2)
Treatment of familial hypophosphatemia.
Hypoparathyroidism, and vitamin D resistant rickets.
Requires activation in the liver and kidneys to create the active for of vitamin D2
Promotes the absorption of calcium and decreases parathyroid hormone concentrations
phytonadione
(Aquamephyton, Vitamin K)
Prevention and treatment of hypothrombinemia, which maybe associated with: excessive doses of oral anticoagulants, Salicylates, certain anti-infective agents, nutritional deficiencies
required for hepatic synthesis of blood coagulation factors 2 (prothrombin), 7, 9, 10
Vitamin E
Used as a dietary supplement, used in low birth weight infants, and treat hemolysis due to vitamin E deficiency
prevents the oxidation (antioxidant) of other substances. protects RBC membranes against hemolysis, especially in low-birth-weight
ascorbic acid
(Ascorbicap)
treatment and prevention of vitamin C deficiency, States of increased requirements such as pregnancy, lactation, stress, hyperthyroidism
Necessary for collagen formation and tissue repair. Involved in oxidation reduction reactions, cellular respiration and resistance to infection
thiamine
(Vitamin B1)
Treatment of thiamine deficiencies (beriberi),
prevention of Wernicke’s encephalopathy. dietary supplement in patients with GI disease, alcoholism, or cirrhosis
required for carbohydrate metabolism
calcium carbonate
(Caltrate)
treatment and prevention of hypocalcemia.
Adjunct in the prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Relief of acid indigestion or heartburn. Treatment of hyperphosphatemia in end stage renal disease
Essential for nervous, muscular and skeletal systems.
Maintain cell membrane and capillary permeability. Act as an activator in the transmission of nerve impulses and contraction of cardiac, skeletal, and smooth muscle.
Essential for bone formation and blood coagulation
CALCIUM SALTS- mineral/electrolytes/pH modifiers
potassium chloride
(KCl, K-Dur, K-Tab, Slow-K)
K+ replacement or prevention of deficiency
Maintain acid-base balance, isotonicity, and electrophysiologic balance of the cell.
Activator in many enzymatic reactions, essential to transmission of nerve impulses, contraction of cardiac, skeletal, and smooth muscle. gastric secretion, renal function, tissue synthesis and carbohydrate metabolism
Chondroitin
osteoarthritis, ischemic heart disease, hyperlipidemia, osteoporosis
may serve as a building block of articular cartilage. May protect cartilage against degradation. may have antiatherogenic properties
orlistat
(Xenical)
Obesity management, BMI >30 in the presence of additional risk factors(diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia)
Decreases the absorption of dietary fat by reversibly inhibiting enzymes (lipases), which are necessary for the breakdown and subsequent absorption of fat
phentermine
(Zantryl)
short-term treatment of obesity in conjunction with other interventions in the presence of other risk factors
Decreases hunger by altering the chemical control of nerve impulse transmission in the appetite control center of the hypothalmus
Glucosamine
Osteoarthritis, Temporomandibular joint arthritis, Glaucoma
May stop or slow osteoarthritis progression by stimulating cartilage and synovial tissue metabolism
atorvastin & rosuvastatin
(Lipitor) & (Crestor)
Lipid-lowering agent
Management of hypercholesterolemia, primary prevention of coronary heart disease. Patients with increased LDL, low HDL.
Inhibits HMG-CoA reductase, an enzyme which is responsible for catalyzing an early step in the synthesis of cholesterol.
niacin & Omega 3-acid ethyl esters
(Niaspan) & (Omacor, Lovaza)
Adjunctive therapy in certain hyperlipidemias
Large doses decrease lipoprotein and triglyceride synthesis by inhibiting the release of free fatty acids from adipose tissue and decreasing hepatic lipoprotein synthesis
cefadroxil
(Duricef)
1st gen Cephalosporins
Treatment of infection of: skin, pharyngitis/tonsillitis, UTI
binds to bacterial membrane, causing cell death
cefaclor
(Ceclor)
2nd Gen Cephalosporins
infections of: respiratory tract, skin, UTI, and otitis media
binds to bacterial cell wall membrane, causing cell death
cefotaxime
(Claforan)
3rd Gen Cephalosporins
Infections of: skin, bone/joint, UTI, Gynecological (gonorrhea), Lower Respiratory, intra-abdominal, septicemia, lyme, meningitis, perioperative prohylaxis
binds to bacterial cell wall membrane
amoxicillin
(Amoxil, Trimax)
treatment of:
skin, otitis media, Sinusitis, Genitourinary, Endocarditis prophylaxis, Post-anthrax, Management of ulcer disease due to Helicobacter pylori
Binds to cell wall
amoxicillin/clavulanate
(Augmentin)
for skin, Otitis media, Sinusitis, Respiratory tract, Genitourinary tract infection
binds to cell wall, spectrum is broader than penicillin. Clavulanate resists beta-lactamase produces by bacteria that resists penicillin.
penicillin V
(Pen-Vee K, Veetids)
infections of:
Pneumococcal pneumonia, Streptococcal pharyngitis, Syphilis, Gonorrhea> Treatment of enterococcal infections, prevention of rheumatic fever, not for anthrax
Binds to cell wall
bismuth subsalicylate
(Kaopectate, Pepto-Bismol)
Antidiarrheals
Song + treatment of ulcer disease from Hellcobact er pylori (w/anti-infectives)
Promotes intestinal absorption of fluids and electrolytes. Decreases synthesis of intestinal prostaglandins.
loperamide
(Imodium)
antidiarrheal
Adjunctive therapy of acute diarrhea associated with inflammatory bowel disease. Decreases the volume of ileostomy drainage.
Inhibits peristalsis and prolongs transit time by a direct effect on nerves in the intestinal muscle wall. Reduces fecal volume, increases fecal viscosity and bulk while diminishing loss of fluid and electrolytes.
psyllium
(Metamucil)
Laxatives- Bulk forming agents
Management of simple or chronic constipation with low fiber. useful to avoid straining after MI, rectal surgery, bed rest) used to avoid chronic diarrhea
combines with water in the intestinal contents to form an emollient gel or viscous solution that promotes peristalsis and reduces transit time.
polyethylene glycol
(Miralax)
Treatment of occasional constipation
PEG in solution acts as an osmotic agent, drawing water into the lumen of the GI tract
magnesium citrate
(Citrate of Magnesia)
phosphate/biphosphate
(Fleet Enema, Fleet Phosphosoda)
Salines
Laxative, Bowel evacuant in prep for surgical or radiographic procedures.
Are osmotically active in GI tract, drawing water into the lumen and causing peristalsis.
bisacodyl
(Dulcolax)
Stimulant Laxatives
Treatment of constipation, Evacuation of the bowel before radiologic studies or surgery, part of a bowel regimen in spinal cord injury.
Stimulates peristalsis, alters fluid and electrolyte transport, producing fluid accumulation in the colon.
E. sennosides
(Senokot, Ex-Lax)
Treatment of constipation
Active components of senna (sennosides) alter water and electrolyte transport in the large intestine, resulting in accumulation of water and increased peristalsis
docusate sodium
(Colace)
Stool Softeners
PO: prevention of constipation (for avoid straining patients)
Rect: used as enema to soften fecal impaction
Promotes incorporation of water into stool, resulting in softer fecal mass.
May also promote electrolyte and water secretion into the colon
tolterodine
(Detrol)
Antispasmodic
Treatment of overactive bladder function that results in urinary frequency, urgency or urge incontinence
Acts as a competitive muscarinic receptor antagonist resulting in inhibition of cholinergically mediated bladder contraction
oxybutynin
(Ditropan) XL
Urinary symptoms that may be associated with neurogenic bladder include frequent urination, urgency, nocturia, urge incontinence, overactive bladder with symptoms of urge incontinence, urgency, and frequency
Inhibits the action of acetylcholine at postganglionic receptors. Has direct spasmolytic action on smooth muscle, including lining of GU tract, w/o affect on vascular smooth muscle
phenazopyridine
(Pyridium)
Urinary tract analgesic
Urinary tract pain
Acts locally on the urinary tract mucosa to produce analgesic or local anesthetic effects
Biguanides
(oral antidiabetics)
metformin
(Glucophage)
Antidiabetics (Nutrition)
management of type 2 diabetes mellitus
Decreases hepatic glucose production, intestinal glucose absorption, and
increases sensitivity to insulin
Insulin aspart
(Novolog)
Insulin lispro
(Humalog)
Rapid acting insulin
Control of hyperglycemia in type 1 and 2
Lowers blood glucose by stimulating glucose uptake into skeletal muscle and fat, inhibiting hepatic glucose production
Onset of action- within 15min
peak-1-2 hours
duration- 3-4 hours
novolog
5-15min
40-50min
4-6 hours
Regular insulin
(Humulin R, Novolin R)
Short Acting
Control Hyperglycemia
Lowers blood glucose by stimulating glucose uptake and inhibiting hepatic glucose production
onset- 30-60min
peak 2-4 hours
duration 5-7 hours
NPH insulin
(Humulin N, Novolin N)
Intermediate acting
Lowers blood glucose
onset 2-4 hours
peak 4-10 hours
Duration 10-16 hours
Insulin glargine
(Lantus)
Long-acting
onset 3-4 hours
peak none
duration 24 hours
aluminum hydroxide
(Amphojgel)
Antiulcer agent
Antacids
Lowering of phosphate levels in patients with chronic renal failure
Adjunctive therapy in the treatment of peptic, duodenal, and gastric ulcers.
Hyperacidity, indigestion, reflux esophagitis
Binds phosphate in the GI tract, neutralizes gastric acid and inactivates pepsin
magnesium hydroxide/aluminum hydroxide
(Maalox)
useful in a variety of GI complaints including
Hyperacidity, Indigestion, GERD, Heartburn
Neutralize gastric acid following dissolution in gastric contents
inactivate pepsin if pH is raised to >4
cimetidine
(Tagamet)
famotidine
(Pepcid)
H2 Blockers
Short-term treatment of active duodenal ulcers and benign gastric ulcers.
Maintenance therapy for duodenal ulcers after healing of active ulcers
Management of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
treatment of heartburn, acid indigestion, and sour stomach
Inhibits the action of histamine at the H2-receptor site located primarily in gastric parietal cells, resulting in inhibition of gastric acid secretion
pantoprazole
(Protonix)
Proton pump inhibitos
Erosive esophagitis associated with GERD
Decreases relapse rates of daytime and nighttime heartburn symptoms on patients with GERD
Pathologic gastric hypersecretory conditions
Binds to an enzyme in the presence of acidic gastric pH, preventing the final transport of hydrogen ions into the gastric lumen
