lab ranges

Question 1

Sodium

Answer 1

135-145 mEq
Body water balance
regulated by kidney

Question 2

Potassium

Answer 2

3.5-5.3 mEq
Cardiac neural and muscle
regulated by kidney

Question 3

Calcium

Answer 3

8.2-10.2 mg/DL
Cell membrane tests and bone
regulated by Parathyroid hormone and calcitonin

Question 4

Magnesium

Answer 4

1.6-2.6 mg/DL
Neuromuscular and cardiac
regulated by kidney

Question 5

Chloride

Answer 5

95-108 mEq/L
Maintain normal ECF osmolarity
regulated by Kidneys/renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

Question 6

Bicarbonate

Answer 6

22-26 mmol/L
Regulate acid-base balance
regulated by Lungs, kidney

Question 7

Phosphate

Answer 7

2.5-4.5 mEq
Energy metabolism
regulated by Kidneys, Vitamin D and PTH

Question 8

Hyponatremia

Answer 8

<135 mEq
Apprehension, postural hypotension, abdominal cramps. NVD, tachycardia

Question 9

Hypernatremia

Answer 9

> 145 mEq
Thirst and dry, flushed skin, dry tongue and mucus membranes, fever

Question 10

Hypokalemia

Answer 10

<3.5 mEq
Weakness, fatigue, decreased muscle tone, decreased bowel sounds, heart block

Question 11

Hyperkalemia

Answer 11

> 5.3 mEq
EKG abnormalities (Bradycardia)

Question 12

Hypocalcemia

Answer 12

<8.2 mg/dL
Numbness and tingling of fingers and Trousseau’s sign, tetany, muscle cramps

Question 13

Hypercalcemia

Answer 13

> 10.2 mg
Muscle weakness, constipation, anorexia, N/V polyuria, polydipsia

Question 14

Hypomagnesemia

Answer 14

<1.6 mEq
Anorexia, neuromuscular irritability, depression, disorientation

Question 15

Hypermagnesemia

Answer 15

> 2.6 mEq
Flushing, hypotension, drowsiness, decreased respiration, bradycardia

Question 16

Sodium Chloride 0.45%

Answer 16

Hypotonic
daily maintenance of body fluid and establishment of renal function

Question 17

Dextrose 2.5% in 0.45% saline

Answer 17

Isotonic
promotes renal function and urine output

Question 18

Dextrose 5% in 0.2% saline

Answer 18

Isotonic
daily maintenance of body fluids when less Na+ and Cl- are required

Question 19

Dextrose 5% in water (D5W)

Answer 19

Isotonic
Promotes rehydration and elimination; may cause urinary Na+ loss and good vehicle for K+

Question 20

Ringer’s Lactate

Answer 20

Isotonic
resembles the normal composition of blood serum and plasma; K+ level below body’s daily requirements

Question 21

Normal Saline (NS) 0.9%

Answer 21

Isotonic
Restores sodium chloride deficit and extracellular fluid volume

Question 22

Dextran 40 10% in NS (0.9%) of D5W

Answer 22

Isotonic
a colloidal solution used to increase plasma volume of clients in early shock; it should not be given to severely dehydrated patients and clients with renal disease, thrombocytopenia, or active hemorrhaging

Question 23

Dextran 70% in NS

Answer 23

Isotonic
a long-lived (20hrs) plasma volume expander, used to treat shock or impending shock due to hemorrhage, surgery, or burns

Question 24

Dextrose 5% in 0.45% saline

Answer 24

Hypertonic
daily maintenance of body fluid and nutrition; treatment of fluid volume deficit

Question 25

Dextrose 5% in saline 0.9%

Answer 25

Hypertonic
fluid replacement of sodium, chloride, and calories (170)

Question 26

Dextrose 10% in saline 0.9%

Answer 26

Hypertonic
fluid replacement of sodium, chloride, and calories (340)

Question 27

Dextrose 5% in lactated ringer’s

Answer 27

Hypertonic
Resembles the normal composition of blood serum and plasma; K+ level below body’s daily requirement, caloric value 180

Question 28

Hyperosmolar saline 3% and 5% NaCl

Answer 28

Hypertonic
treatment of hyponatremia; raises the Na osmolarity of the blood, and reduces intracellular fluid excess

Question 29

Ionosol B with Dextrose 5%

Answer 29

Hypertonic
treatment of polytonic parenteral replacement caused by vomiting-induced alkalosi, diabetic acidosis, fluid loss from burns, and postoperative Fluid Volume Deficit

Question 30

Lispro (Humalog) insulin

Answer 30

Rapid Acting
onset- 15-30min
peak- 30-90min
duration- less than 5hr

Question 31

Aspart (NovoLog) insulin

Answer 31

Rapid acting
onset- 15min
peak- 1-3hrs
duration- 3-4hr

Question 32

Glulisine insuline

Answer 32

rapid acting
onset-5-15min
peak- 1hr
duration- 5hr

Question 33

Characteristics of Rapid Acting insulin

Answer 33

Used for rapid reduction of glucose level, to treat postprandial hyperglycemia, or to prevent nocturnal hypoglycemia

Patient should eat within 5-15 minutes after injection.

Used in insulin pumps.

DO NOT confuse HUMALOG and HUMULIN!!!!

Question 34

Regula (Humulin R, Novolin R, Iletin II regular)
insulin

Answer 34

Short acting
onset- 30-60min
peak 2-3 hrs
duration- 4-6hrs

Question 35

Characteristics of short-acting insulin

Answer 35

Clear solution, usually given 15 mins before meal, can be administered alone or mixed with other insulin

Question 36

NPH (Humulin N) insulin

Answer 36

Intermediate acting
Onset- 1-1.5hrs
Peak- 4-12hrs
Duration- up to 24hrs

Question 37

Characteristics of intermediate-acting insulin

Answer 37

White and cloudy solution-must be rolled to mix.

May be combined in a syringe with regular or Humalog insulin. Food should be taken at time of onset and peak.

Question 38

Glargine detemir (Lantus) insulin

Answer 38

Very long acting
onset= 3-6hrs
Peak- continuous no peak
duration- 24hrs

Question 39

Afrezza insulin

Answer 39

rapid=acting inhalation powder
onset-less than 15min
peak-50min
duration-2-3 hrs
Administer at the beginning of a meal.

Question 40

Characteristics of very long-acting insulin

Answer 40

Maintains blood glucose levels regardless of meals; DO NOT MIX with other insulins; given once a day at the same time