lab ranges Flashcards
Sodium
135-145 mEq
Body water balance
regulated by kidney
Potassium
3.5-5.3 mEq
Cardiac neural and muscle
regulated by kidney
Calcium
8.2-10.2 mg/DL
Cell membrane tests and bone
regulated by Parathyroid hormone and calcitonin
Magnesium
1.6-2.6 mg/DL
Neuromuscular and cardiac
regulated by kidney
Chloride
95-108 mEq/L
Maintain normal ECF osmolarity
regulated by Kidneys/renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
Bicarbonate
22-26 mmol/L
Regulate acid-base balance
regulated by Lungs, kidney
Phosphate
2.5-4.5 mEq
Energy metabolism
regulated by Kidneys, Vitamin D and PTH
Hyponatremia
<135 mEq
Apprehension, postural hypotension, abdominal cramps. NVD, tachycardia
Hypernatremia
> 145 mEq
Thirst and dry, flushed skin, dry tongue and mucus membranes, fever
Hypokalemia
<3.5 mEq
Weakness, fatigue, decreased muscle tone, decreased bowel sounds, heart block
Hyperkalemia
> 5.3 mEq
EKG abnormalities (Bradycardia)
Hypocalcemia
<8.2 mg/dL
Numbness and tingling of fingers and Trousseau’s sign, tetany, muscle cramps
Hypercalcemia
> 10.2 mg
Muscle weakness, constipation, anorexia, N/V polyuria, polydipsia
Hypomagnesemia
<1.6 mEq
Anorexia, neuromuscular irritability, depression, disorientation
Hypermagnesemia
> 2.6 mEq
Flushing, hypotension, drowsiness, decreased respiration, bradycardia
Sodium Chloride 0.45%
Hypotonic
daily maintenance of body fluid and establishment of renal function
Dextrose 2.5% in 0.45% saline
Isotonic
promotes renal function and urine output
Dextrose 5% in 0.2% saline
Isotonic
daily maintenance of body fluids when less Na+ and Cl- are required
Dextrose 5% in water (D5W)
Isotonic
Promotes rehydration and elimination; may cause urinary Na+ loss and good vehicle for K+
Ringer’s Lactate
Isotonic
resembles the normal composition of blood serum and plasma; K+ level below body’s daily requirements
Normal Saline (NS) 0.9%
Isotonic
Restores sodium chloride deficit and extracellular fluid volume
Dextran 40 10% in NS (0.9%) of D5W
Isotonic
a colloidal solution used to increase plasma volume of clients in early shock; it should not be given to severely dehydrated patients and clients with renal disease, thrombocytopenia, or active hemorrhaging
Dextran 70% in NS
Isotonic
a long-lived (20hrs) plasma volume expander, used to treat shock or impending shock due to hemorrhage, surgery, or burns
Dextrose 5% in 0.45% saline
Hypertonic
daily maintenance of body fluid and nutrition; treatment of fluid volume deficit
Dextrose 5% in saline 0.9%
Hypertonic
fluid replacement of sodium, chloride, and calories (170)
Dextrose 10% in saline 0.9%
Hypertonic
fluid replacement of sodium, chloride, and calories (340)
Dextrose 5% in lactated ringer’s
Hypertonic
Resembles the normal composition of blood serum and plasma; K+ level below body’s daily requirement, caloric value 180
Hyperosmolar saline 3% and 5% NaCl
Hypertonic
treatment of hyponatremia; raises the Na osmolarity of the blood, and reduces intracellular fluid excess
Ionosol B with Dextrose 5%
Hypertonic
treatment of polytonic parenteral replacement caused by vomiting-induced alkalosi, diabetic acidosis, fluid loss from burns, and postoperative Fluid Volume Deficit
Lispro (Humalog) insulin
Rapid Acting
onset- 15-30min
peak- 30-90min
duration- less than 5hr
Aspart (NovoLog) insulin
Rapid acting
onset- 15min
peak- 1-3hrs
duration- 3-4hr
Glulisine insuline
rapid acting
onset-5-15min
peak- 1hr
duration- 5hr
Characteristics of Rapid Acting insulin
Used for rapid reduction of glucose level, to treat postprandial hyperglycemia, or to prevent nocturnal hypoglycemia
Patient should eat within 5-15 minutes after injection.
Used in insulin pumps.
DO NOT confuse HUMALOG and HUMULIN!!!!
Regula (Humulin R, Novolin R, Iletin II regular)
insulin
Short acting
onset- 30-60min
peak 2-3 hrs
duration- 4-6hrs
Characteristics of short-acting insulin
Clear solution, usually given 15 mins before meal, can be administered alone or mixed with other insulin
NPH (Humulin N) insulin
Intermediate acting
Onset- 1-1.5hrs
Peak- 4-12hrs
Duration- up to 24hrs
Characteristics of intermediate-acting insulin
White and cloudy solution-must be rolled to mix.
May be combined in a syringe with regular or Humalog insulin. Food should be taken at time of onset and peak.
Glargine detemir (Lantus) insulin
Very long acting
onset= 3-6hrs
Peak- continuous no peak
duration- 24hrs
Afrezza insulin
rapid=acting inhalation powder
onset-less than 15min
peak-50min
duration-2-3 hrs
Administer at the beginning of a meal.
Characteristics of very long-acting insulin
Maintains blood glucose levels regardless of meals; DO NOT MIX with other insulins; given once a day at the same time
