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Human Bioscience > Week 6 - Nervous System > Flashcards

Week 6 - Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three fundamental functions of the nervous system

A

Sensory Functions, Integrative Functions, and Motor Functions

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2
Q

What are the two major anatomical subdivisions of the nervous system

A

Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

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3
Q

What are the three functional categories
of neurons

A

Sensory (afferent), Interneurons, and Motor (efferent) Neurons

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4
Q

What are the common variations on neuron structures

A

Multipolar, Bipolar, and Unipolar Neurons

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5
Q

Describe the structure of a generalised neuron and the

A
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6
Q

List the neuronal supporting cells (neuroglia) with their primary functions

A
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7
Q

Discuss the myelin sheath that envelops many nerve fibres, including its function and how it is produced

A
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8
Q

Explain the difference between gray and white matter

A
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9
Q

Define resting membrane potential

A
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10
Q

List the steps involved in generating and propagating an action potential in neurons

A
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11
Q

Define saltatory conduction

A
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12
Q

Explain how signals are passed from neuron to neuron at the synaptic cleft

A
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13
Q

What are the two organ systems that coordinate body activies

A

Endocrine System (Hormones) and Nervous System (electrical and chemical signals)

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14
Q

What do Sensory Functions do

A

Respond to stimuli and generate signals about the stimuli and carry them to the spinal cord or brain

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15
Q

What do Integrative Functions do

A

Receive, process, store and retrieve information and make decisions how to respond

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16
Q

What do Motor Functions do

A

Issue outgoing signals to muscle cells and glands to produce an effective response

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17
Q

What is in the Central Nervous System

A

Brain and Spinal cord

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18
Q

What is the central nervous system responsible for

A

Carrying out Integrative Functions

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19
Q

What does CNS and PNS stand for

A

Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System

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20
Q

What is the Peripheral Nervous System responsible for

A

Carrying out the Sensory and Motor Functions. Providing pathways of signal input and output. Connecting Central Nervous System to the body’s sense organs, muscles and glands

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21
Q

What are Dendrites

A

A part of a neuron, that consists of thick arms arising from the SOMA that divide like branches and act as stimuli for receiving signals from other neurons

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22
Q

What is the Axon Hillock

A

The leading branch from the Soma that leads into the Axon

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23
Q

What is an Axon

A

Nerve fibres that are long roughly cylindrical shape that act as an output pathway for signals to other cells. At the distal end of the Axon line their is usually Axon terminal branches

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24
Q

What is an Axon Terminal also called

A

Synaptic Terminal

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25
Q

Do all neurons have Axons

A

No, but most have one (never more than one)

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26
Q

What does a multipolar neuron consist of

A

One axon and Multiple Dendrites

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27
Q

What is the most common neuron

A

Multipolar Neuron

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28
Q

What is the main Neuron structure in the CNS

A

Multipolar Neuron

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29
Q

What does a bipolar neuron consist of

A

One axon and One Dendrite

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30
Q

What is the main Neuron structure for sensory

A

Bipolar Neuron

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31
Q

How many processes lead from the Soma

A

Two, (One Axon and One Dendrite)

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32
Q

What does a unipolar neuron consist of

A

Only one Process leading from the Soma (Looks like a T)

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33
Q

What are Sensory (afferent) Neurons

A

A classification of neuron that is mostly Unipolar or Bipolar and that transmits signals towards the CNS. specialises to detect stimuli from eyes, ears, skins, joints, internal organs and other sources

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34
Q

What are Interneurons

A

A classification of neuron that is mostly Multipolar and performs integrative functions, with arms that store and retrieve information. They make the decisions about the body’s response.

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35
Q

Where can you find Interneurons

A

CNS

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36
Q

What is the most abundant Neuron Type

A

Interneurons

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37
Q

What are Motor (efferent) Neurons

A

A classification of neuron that are mostly Multipolar and carry outgoing signals away from the CNS to muscle and gland cells that
carry out commands

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38
Q

How many Neuroglia are found per Neuron

A

10 - 1 Ratio

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39
Q

What do Neuroglia do

A

Perform protective and “Housekeeping” functions and aid neurons in their functioning

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40
Q

What are the two types of neuroglial cells in the PNS

A

Schwann cells and satellite cells

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41
Q

What are the four types of neuroglial cells in the CNS

A

oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells, microglia, and astrocytes

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42
Q

What are Schwann cells

A

Cells (Multiple) that wrap around nerve fibres of PNS, enclosing each in a sleeve called Neurilemma

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43
Q

How do Schwann cells insulate neurons

A

spiral repeatedly around a nerve fibre, depositing membrane, which constitutes a myelin sheath

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44
Q

Is regeneration of the CNS possible

A

no because it does not have Schwann cells in CNS

45
Q

What are Satellite cells

A

They surround the cell bodies of peripheral neurons and electrically insulate Neurons.

46
Q

What is the main function of Satellite cells

A

Regulate the chemical environment of neurons

47
Q

What are Oligodendrocytes

A

large bulbous cells in CNS with multiple armlike processes, each reaching out to a nearby nerve fibre

48
Q

How do Oligodendrocytes insulate neurons

A

the processes spiral around the nerve fibre, forming a myelin sheath

49
Q

What Neuroglia in the CNS acts the same as another kind in the PNS

A

Oligodendrocytes (CNS) and Schwann Cells (PNS)

50
Q

What are Ependymal Cells

A

cuboidal cells with Cilia that produce and circulate Cerebrospinal Fluid and line internal cavities of the brain and spinal cord. The fluid produces bathes the CNS surfaces

51
Q

What is Microglia

A

Small phagocytic cells that wander through the CNS

52
Q

What is the function of Microglia

A

To destroy tissue debris, microorganisms, and foreign matter. Also become concentrated in areas damaged by infection, trauma, or stroke

53
Q

What are Astrocytes

A

the most abundant glial cells (hold nerve cells in place) in CNS that form the supportive framework

54
Q

What are the functions of Astrocytes

A

They have perivascular feet that help form the blood-brain barrier. They secrete chemicals that control local blood flow and also nerve growth factors that promote neuron growth. form scar tissue in damaged regions of CNS

55
Q

How do Astrocytes maintain a stable extracellular environment

A

by regulating amount of potassium ions (K+)

56
Q

What is the Myelin Sheath

A

Layers of oligodendrocyte or Schwann Cells (Depending on if in CNS or PNS) plasma membranes wrapped around a fibre that insulates nerve fibre

57
Q

What is Myelination

A

The insulation of Nerve fibres (like electrical tape around a wire)

58
Q

Can 1 cell Myelinate one nerve

A

no, multiple cells are needed

59
Q

What are Nodes of Ranvier

A

Small gaps in between each Myelinated axon that serves to facilitate the rapid conduction of nerve impulses

60
Q

What is the name of Myelin-Covered segments

A

internodes

61
Q

What is Multiple Sclerosis

A

An autoimmune disease against oligodendrocytes and myelin sheaths in CNS, and a degenerative disorder of the myelin sheath

62
Q

What replaces the myelin sheaths in Multiple Sclerosis patients

A

nonfunctional, hardened scar tissue

63
Q

What are the two types of Nervous Tissue

A

White and Gray Matter

64
Q

What is White Matter

A

It is made of bundles of nerve fibres called TRACTS. The colour comes from Myelination.

65
Q

Where are Tracts found

A

CNS; white matter in the PNS are called nerves

66
Q

Are there Tracts in the PNS

A

No, white matter in the PNS are called nerves

67
Q

What is Gray matter made up of

A

Neurosomas, Dendrites
and Synapses

68
Q

Why is Gray matter not white

A

little myelin, so duller colour

69
Q

What is Gray Matters function

A

information-processing part of the
CNS

70
Q

How is white and gray matter distributed in the Spinal Cord

A

white matter forms surface tissue
gray matter forms the inner core

71
Q

How is white and gray matter distributed in the Brain

A

white matter forms most of the deep tissue
gray matter forms the surface layer and a few deep masses

72
Q

What are membrane transport channels

A

Concentration Gradients, both active and passive, ligand and voltage-gated
protein channels; sodium/potassium pump

73
Q

What is Resting Membrane Potential (RMP)

A

A charge difference between the inner and outer surfaces of a neuron’s plasma membrane when the neuron is at rest

74
Q

What charge is the ECF-side of the Neuron when it is at rest

A

Positive

75
Q

What charge is the ICF-side of the Neuron when it is at rest

A

Negative

76
Q

How is RMP created

A

It is created by differences in ion concentrations

77
Q

What is the charge of RMP

A

RMP is usually ~-70mV (millivolts)

78
Q

How is the RMP maintained

A

The Na+ / K+ pump continually ejects 3 Na+ and pumps in K+ which maintains internal negative charge

79
Q

How is the RMP threatened to be abolished

A

protein channels in the plasma membrane provide slow, constant leakage of Na+ and K+ which threatens to abolish the RMP

80
Q

What is needed on the cell for Nerve Signaling

A

ligand-gated and voltage-gated channels

81
Q

What is a Ligand-Gated Channel

A

A Channel that opens or closes when a ligand binds to it

82
Q

What is a ligand

A

any chemical that binds to a protein

83
Q

What is a voltage gated channel

A

A Channel that opens or closes in response to changes in the membrane potential Charge

84
Q

What is the first step in nerve signaling

A

Initial Neuronal Excitation (usually occurs on a dendrite)

85
Q

What is the Initial Neuronal Excitation

A

Na+ enters neuron, the local potential spreads toward the axon hillock, the axon hillock has lots of Na+ and K+ voltage-gated channels that open when the threshold potential is reached; this produces an action potential that will propagate down
the axon

86
Q

What are the 4 steps of an action potential

A
  1. Stimulation of the Neuron which creates a gradually rising Local Potential
  2. Na+ rushes into cell and causes a rapidly rising membrane voltage towards 0 called Depolarisation
  3. Na+ channels begin to close at 0mV, but the voltage typically reaches about +35mV by the time all of them close
  4. K+ outflow causes the voltage to drop back (more slowly) into the negative range called repolarisation, slightly overshooting the original resting membrane potential (RMP); called hyperpolarization
87
Q

What is Action Potential also written as

A

AP

88
Q

What is Action Potential

A

voltage spike over a limited area of plasma membrane

89
Q

What happens after Action Potential completes its process

A

Each AP triggers another one in the membrane ahead

90
Q

Action Potential causes a chain reaction creating…

A

Nerve Signals

91
Q

What is Continuous conduction

A

AP Chain that occurs on unmyelinated axons

92
Q

What is Saltatory conduction

A

AP Chain that occurs on myelinated axons

92
Q

With Continuous conduction, what parts of the axon does AP occur at

A

Each point

93
Q

With Saltatory conduction, what parts of the axon does AP occur at

A

Only at the nodes of Ranvier

94
Q

What is the Refractory Period

A

A period of time immediately after an action potential where the membrane cannot conduct another action potential

95
Q

Why is the main function of the Refractory Period

A

To prevent an action potential from spreading down the axon backwards as it can only move forward

96
Q

Do nerve signals travel faster down Myelinated or Unmyelinated fibres

A

myelinated fibres are 120m/s vs 2 m/s in
unmyelinated fibres

97
Q

What is the Synapse

A

The point where Two Cells meet

98
Q

What is a presynaptic neuron

A

Neuron that sends Signal

99
Q

What is a postsynaptic neuron

A

Neuron that receives Signal

100
Q

What is the Synaptic Cleft

A

gap between two neurons

101
Q

What is an Axon Terminal

A

The arms at the end of the axon that contains Synaptic Vesicles that contain chemicals called neurotransmitters

102
Q

What happens when an Axon Terminal receives a nerve signal

A

undergo exocytosis, and then release neurotransmitters into the
synaptic cleft where neurotransmitters bind to receptors on the membrane of the postsynaptic neuron

103
Q

What is Acetylcholine

A

A Neurotransmitter that binds to Protein Receptors that are Ligand-Gated Channels on Postsynaptic cell which allows Na+ and K+ to flow through, producing a
local potential in the postsynaptic cell

104
Q

What happens if cell depolarise to threshold in the Acetylcholine proccess

A

An action potential is triggered

105
Q

How long does the Neurotransmitter stimulation of the postsynaptic cell last

A

Very Brief

106
Q

What happens after the Neurotransmitter binds in the cleft

A

it needs to be removed and may be broken down by enzymes, may be reabsorbed by presynaptic neuron or could be diffused into surrounding tissue.

107
Q

What happens if the Neurotransmitter is not removed

A

A disturbance may occur

Human Bioscience (8 decks)

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