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Human Bioscience > Week 3 - Cellular Organisation II > Flashcards

Week 3 - Cellular Organisation II Flashcards

WEEK 2 OF CELLULAR ORGANISATION

1
Q

Are proteins macromolecules

A

Yes

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2
Q

What are the building blocks of proteins

A

Amino Acids, Nucleic Acids

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3
Q

How many Amino Acids are there

A

20

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4
Q

What are chains of Amino Acids, larger then 10-15 called

A

Polypeptides

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5
Q

What are chains of Amino Acids, larger then 50 called

A

Proteins

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6
Q

What determines what kind of protein something is

A

the Amino Acid Sequence

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7
Q

What is the Amino Acid Sequence determined by

A

DNA

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8
Q

What does Organic mean

A

Contains Carbon

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9
Q

What do all Amino Acids have in their base structure

A

Central Carbon, An Amino Group (NH2), Carboxyl Group (COOH)

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10
Q

What is an Amino Group chemically made up of

A

NH2

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11
Q

What is a Carboxyl Group chemically made up of

A

C-O-OH

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12
Q

What is the R group of an Amino Acid

A

The unique structure of the molecule

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13
Q

What is the biproduct of 2 amino acids becoming a peptide bond

A

H2O

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14
Q

What is a Peptide Bond

A

the result of losing OH (taken from Carboxyl Group) and H (Taken from An Amino Group) after they bond, leaving CO (Carboxyl Group) to bond with NH (Amino Group)

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15
Q

What is ALWAYS the first amino acid in ANY Protein

A

Methionine

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16
Q

What is the start Codon

A

the first Amino Acid structure in a protein (always Methionine)

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17
Q

What is the structure of Nucleic Acids

A

Nucleotides

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18
Q

What are the 2 Classifications of Nucleic Acids

A

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid), RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)

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19
Q

What is the unabbreviated name for DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

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20
Q

What is the unabbreviated name for RNA

A

Ribonucleic Acid

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21
Q

Where is DNA found

A

Nucleus

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22
Q

What is made up of 2 Nucleotide Chains, twisted together

A

DNA

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23
Q

What is the Helical Backbone

A

The outer parts/structure of the Double Helix of DNA

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24
Q

What is the Helical Backbone made out of

A

Phosphate and Deoxyribose

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25
Q

What are the components of Nucleotides

A

Monosaccharides, Phosphate Groups (backbone), Nitrogenous Base

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26
Q

What are Nitrogenous Bases

A

Single or Double ring of Carbon and Nitrogen atoms

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27
Q

What are the 5 Nitrogenous Bases

A

Guanine (G), Adenine (A), Cytosine (C), Thymine (T), Uracil (U)

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28
Q

How many Double ring Nitrogenous Bases are their

A

2

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29
Q

How many single ring Nitrogenous bases are their

A

3

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30
Q

What are the names of the Double Ring Nitrogenous Bases

A

Guanine (G), Adenine (A)

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31
Q

What are the names of the Single Ring Nitrogenous Bases

A

Cytosine (C), Thymine (T), Uracil (U)

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32
Q

What are the Matching Pairs of Nitrogenous Bases

A

Adenine (A) and Thymine (T), Cytosine (C) and Guanine (G)

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33
Q

What does RNA stand for

A

Ribonucleic Acid

34
Q

If you see a DNA sequence like GCUAACGUAGGC, is this DNA or RNA

A

RNA, Because of the Uracil

35
Q

What does Uracil partner with

A

Adenine (A)

36
Q

in RNA what does Cytosine (C) partner with

A

Guanine (G)

37
Q

Is RNA double helix’d or Single Chained

A

Single Chained

38
Q

Where does RNA mainly function

A

Cytoplasm

39
Q

When does the PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Process Begin

A

Protein Synthesis begins when a small copy of a gene called messenger RNA (mRNA) is made from the DNA in the Nucleus

40
Q

What is the process from DNA -> mRNA called

A

Transcription

41
Q

What is the process from mRNA -> Protein called

A

Translation

42
Q

What comes first between Translation and Transcription

A

Transcription

43
Q

What is the name of the gene that the Transcription Process always starts on

A

Start Codon

44
Q

What is the name of the enzyme that “unzips” the DNA to reveal the genes nitrogenous bases

A

Helicase

45
Q

What is the Helicase

A

An enzyme that “unzips” the DNA double helix exposing the genes nitrogenous bases

46
Q

What is the name of the enzyme that “reads” the gene code and creates a parallel molecule of mRNA

A

RNA Polymerase

47
Q

What is RNA Polymerase

A

An enzyme that “reads” the gene code and creates a parallel molecule of mRNA

48
Q

What happens when RNA polymerase enzyme encounters Thymine (T)

A

adds Adenine (A) base to newly made mRNA

49
Q

What happens when RNA polymerase enzyme encounters Guanine (G)

A

adds Cytosine (C) base to newly made mRNA

50
Q

What happens when RNA polymerase enzyme encounters Cytosine (C)

A

adds Guanine (G) base to newly made mRNA

51
Q

What happens when RNA polymerase enzyme encounters Adenine (A)

A

adds Uracil (U) base to newly made mRNA

52
Q

What happens in the Translation Stage

A

The mRNA strand produced during transcription is now read and translated into amino acid chains by ribosomes - 3 nucleotides at a time (codons)

53
Q

What is a Codon

A

Three-bade segment of mature mRNA strand

54
Q

What is the Start Codons Amino Acid equivalent (AUG)

A

Methionine

55
Q

What’s a tRNA molecule

A

Transfer RNA (tRNA) is brought in when ribosomes read a codon. they then bind with onto said codon and have a complimentary ANTICODON

56
Q

What is an Anticodon

A

3 base series complementary to the codon (found on tRNA)

57
Q

What is the Anticodon to GCU

A

CGA

58
Q

What is original codon for the ANTICODON GUG

A

CAC

59
Q

What are the 3 STOP CODONS

A

UAA, UAG, UG

60
Q

How long does the translation phase go on for

A

Until it reaches a stop codon

61
Q

What is a stop codon

A

1 of 3 codons that ends the translation phase causing the ribosomes to end the cycle

62
Q

What happens when a Ribosomes hits a Stop Codon

A

It releases the new protein and detaches from the mRNA

63
Q

What organelle sorts proteins, by adding carbs or other components, until it finally splits from vesicles

A

Golgi Complex

64
Q

What are the Vesicles called where the protein leaves the Golgi Complex

A

lysosomes

65
Q

What are the 5 organelles used in protein synthesis and secretion

A

Nucleus, Rough ER, Ribosomes, Golgi Complex, Lysosomes

66
Q

what is the structural hierarchy of a cells genes

A

Chromatin > Chromosomes > DNA > Genes

67
Q

What are the 4 main phases of Cell Cycle

A

Gap 1, Synthesis, Gap 2, Mitosis

68
Q

How long does the cell cycle take

A

Length of cell cycle varies considerably depending on cell type

69
Q

What happens in the First Gap Phase

A

Cells complete normal tasks, Centrioles begin to get replicated

70
Q

What is the sole purpose of the Synthesis Phase

A

DNA Replication

71
Q

What is the Synthesis Phase process

A

Helicase splits DNA, 2 DNA Polymerase enzyme reads the base sequence (in opposite directions) on each backbone of the DNA. this creates one strand old DNA and a newly made strand per NEW DNA MOLECULE

72
Q

What happens in the Second Gap Phase

A

Machinery getting ready for mitotic phase

73
Q

What is the Interphase of the Cell Cycle

A

Everything but the Mitotic Phase (G1, S, G2)

74
Q

What is the Mitotic Phase

A

The process of duplicating cells

75
Q

What are the 4 Phases of Mitosis

A

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase/Cytokinesis

76
Q

What happens in the Prophase

A

Preparation for end goal mitosis

77
Q

What happens in the Anaphase

A

Centrioles attach to centromeres on chromosomes and pull in half

77
Q

What happens in the Metaphase

A

Lining chromosomes in the MIDDLE to be split

78
Q

What happens in the Telophase

A

The creation of the 2 daughter cells, separation of DNA, Cytokinesis

79
Q

What happens in Cytokinesis

A

The separation of the Cytoplasm

80
Q

What is the end goal of mitosis

A

Splitting a cell into 2 daughter cells

81
Q

What are Centrioles

A

An organelle that helps cells divide (anaphase)

Human Bioscience (8 decks)

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