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Human Bioscience > Week 4 - Tissue Level of Organisation > Flashcards

Week 4 - Tissue Level of Organisation Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of Histology

A

The study of tissues and their arrangements in organs

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2
Q

What is a Histological Section

A

A very THIN TISSUE SLICES, generally 1 or 2 cells thick that is mounted on glass Microscope Slides and Dyed with various Stains to contrast cell structure

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3
Q

What is a thin tissue slice that is looked under a microscope called

A

A histological Section

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4
Q

What is the definition of Tissues

A

Group of similar cells (AND CELL PRODUCTS) that function together as a unit

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5
Q

What are Tissues Composed of in the broadest terms

A

Cells, Matrix

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6
Q

What are the main 4 types of TISSUE

A

Epithelial, Nervous, Connective, Muscular

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7
Q

What is the Tissue Matrix

A

Extracellular material that surrounds the cell

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8
Q

What is everything but the Cell called in a Tissue

A

Matrix

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9
Q

What is the definition of extracellular material

A

Nonliving matter secreted by tissue cells, composed of, Fibrous proteins and Clear gel known as ground substance or Extracellular Fluid

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10
Q

What is a structure with definite boundaries that are composed of 2 or more tissue types

A

Organs

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11
Q

What are the 3 types of Cellular Junctions

A

Tight, Desmosomes, Gap

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12
Q

What is the adhesion cellular junction called

A

Desmosomes

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13
Q

What are desmosomes made of

A

Intermediate filament (Keratin) and linking glycoproteins (cadherins)

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14
Q

What are the 2 main types of Epithelial Tissue

A

Simple, Stratified

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15
Q

What are the 6 main cell shapes

A

Squamous, Cuboidal, Columnar, Polygonal, Spheroidal or Ovoid, Fusiform, Fibrous

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16
Q

What shape are Squamous Shaped Cells

A

Thin, Flat, Scaly - (squashed looking)

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17
Q

What shape are Cuboidal Shaped Cells

A

Equal height and width

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18
Q

What shape are Columnar Shaped Cells

A

More tall then wide

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19
Q

What shape are Polygonal Shaped Cells

A

Irregular, angular shape with 4 or more sides

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20
Q

What shape are Spheroidal or Ovoid Shaped Cells

A

Round to Oval

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21
Q

What shape are Fusiform Shaped Cells

A

Elongated

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22
Q

What shape are Fibrous Shaped Cells

A

Long, Threadlike

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23
Q

What makes up the Matrix

A

Protein Fibres and Ground Substance

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24
Q

What is Ground Substance

A

an extracellular fluid, gel or rubbery or very hard substance that embeds cells and fibres in a tissue

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25
Q

What does Ground Substance help with when talking about injuries

A

absorbs compressive forces; protects more delicate cells from injury

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26
Q

What is the definition of Epithelial Tissue

A

A flat sheet of closely connected cells one or more cells thick

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27
Q

What’s another name for Epithelial Tissue

A

Epithelium

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28
Q

Where is Epithelial Tissue most commonly found

A

covering body surface, Lining body cavities, forming external and internal linings of many organs, most gland tissue

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29
Q

Where is Epithelial Tissue most commonly NOT found

A

Blood Vessels

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30
Q

What are the 3 different surfaces of an epithelial tissue

A

Basal (Basement), Apical, Lateral (Sides)

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31
Q

What is the Basement Membranes main function

A

Anchors epithelial tissue to connective tissue

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32
Q

What is the Basement Membrane made out of

A

Mainly made of protein; regulates exchange of materials between tissues

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33
Q

What are the 4 main categories of Simple Epithelium

A

Squamous, Cuboidal, Columnar, Pseudostratified Columnar

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34
Q

Is Pseudostratified Columnar a Simple or Stratified Epithelium

A

Simple

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35
Q

What are the main features of Simple Squamous Epithelium

A

Thin and Scaly, Single cell layer

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36
Q

What does Simple Squamous Epithelium PRIORITISE

A

Filtration and Diffusion

37
Q

Where can Simple Squamous Epithelium be found

A

air sacs of lungs, serous stomach membranes, inner lining heart and blood vessels

38
Q

What are the main features of Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

A

Square or rounded square shape, Single cell Layer

39
Q

What does Simple Cuboidal Epithelium PRIORITISE

A

secretion and absorption

40
Q

Where can Simple Cuboidal Epithelium be found

A

kidney tubules, liver or thyroid glands, mammary glands, salivary glands, ovaries

41
Q

What are the main features of Simple Columnar Epithelium

A

Tall, Narrow, Single cell Layer, CONTAINS GOBLET CELLS, can be CILATED and NON CILATED

42
Q

Where can Simple Columnar Epithelium be found

A

Inner lining stomach and intestines, gallbladder, uterus / fallopian tubes

43
Q

What are the main features of Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

A

Short AND Tall Cells, LOOKS BILAYERED but every cell reaches the basement membrane, CONTAINS GOBLET CELLS, can be CILATED and NON CILATED

44
Q

What are the 4 main categories of Stratified Epithelium

A

Stratified squamous epithelium - keratinized, Stratified squamous epithelium - nonkeratinized, stratified cuboidal epithelium, transitional epithelium

45
Q

What are the main features of Stratified squamous epithelium - keratinized

A

Top layer is dead squamous cells packed with keratin, base layer is living cuboidal / columnar, Water repellant

46
Q

What does Stratified squamous epithelium - keratinized PRIORITISE

A

PRIORITISES PROTECTION by resisting microorganism breaches

47
Q

where can Stratified squamous epithelium - keratinized be found

A

epidermis, especially palms & soles

48
Q

What are the main features of Stratified squamous epithelium - nonkeratinized

A

Does not have dead cells, provides abrasion resistant surface, moist/slippery

49
Q

What does Stratified squamous epithelium - nonkeratinized PRIORITISE

A

PROTECTION

50
Q

where can Stratified squamous epithelium - nonkeratinized be found

A

Tongue, oral mucosa, vagina

51
Q

What are the main features of stratified cuboidal epithelium

A

Square or rounded square shape, two or more layers,

52
Q

What does stratified cuboidal epithelium PRIORITISE

A

Protection and Secretion

53
Q

where can stratified cuboidal epithelium be found

A

sweat gland ducts, sperm-producing ducts (seminiferous tubules) of testes, egg-producing vesicles (& follicles) of ovaries

54
Q

What are the main features of transitional epithelium

A

Resembles stratified squamous but surface cells are rounded, not flat, Stretches to allow filling

55
Q

What keeps the basal layers of cells protected in the Transitional Epithelium

A

apical umbrella cells protect underlying cells from acidic & hypertonic urine

56
Q

where can Transitional Epithelium be found

A

ONLY in Urinary Tract

57
Q

What is unique about Connective Tissue

A

The volume of extracellular matrix is greater than cell volume

58
Q

What is the most abundant Tissue Type

A

Connective Tissue

59
Q

Where are Connective Tissues commonly found

A

Blood Vessels

60
Q

What is the definition of Connective Tissue

A

Tissue that supports, protects, and gives structure to other tissues and organs in the body

61
Q

What are the 7 main categories of Connective Tissue Fibres

A

Collagen, Reticular Fibres, Elastic Fibres, Fibroplasts, Macrophages, Leukocytes, Adipocytes

62
Q

What is the most common Connective Tissue Fibre

A

Collagen

63
Q

What are the main features of Collagen Connective Tissue Fibres

A

Tough, flexible fibres that DO NOT STRETCH

64
Q

where can Collagen Connective Tissue Fibres be found

A

Tendons, ligaments and deep layer of skin (dermis) and Also in matrix of cartilage and bone

65
Q

What are the main features of Reticular Fibres

A

thin, glycoprotein-coated collagen fibres, Forms a matrix of reticular connective tissue, a spongelike framework for organs

66
Q

where can Reticular Fibres be found

A

Spleen & lymph nodes

67
Q

What are the main features of Elastic Fibres

A

composed of a stretchy protein called ELASTIN, os thinner than collagen fibres and coiled, allow tissue to spring back after stretching

68
Q

where can Elastic Fibres be found

A

skin, lungs, arteries

69
Q

What are the main features of Fibroblasts

A

They are the dominant cells in fibrous connective tissue, large cells that taper, produce fibres and ground substance of matrix

70
Q

What are the main features of Macrophages

A

They are large phagocytic cells that engulf and destroy bacteria, foreign particles, and dead cells

71
Q

What are the main features of Leukocytes

A

They provide defense against pathogens (bacteria, toxins etc)

72
Q

What are the 2 main categories of Loose Connective Tissue

A

Aerolar and Reticular

73
Q

What are the main features of Loose Aerolar Connective Tissues

A

Loose arrangements of collagenous and elastic fibres, scattered cells & abundant ground substance, loosely binds epithelial tissue to deeper tissues

74
Q

Where can Loose Aerolar Connective Tissues be found

A

Surrounds blood vessels, found in fascia between muscles

75
Q

What are the main features of Loose Reticular Connective Tissues

A

network of reticular fibres, reticular cells and fibroblasts, presence of white blood cells

76
Q

Where can Loose Reticular Connective Tissues be found

A

lymph nodes, spleen, thymus and bone marrow

77
Q

What are the 2 main categories of Dense Connective Tissue

A

Regular and Irregular

78
Q

What are the main features of Dense Regular Connective Tissues

A

Densely packed, Parallel Collagen fibers, fibroblasts are compressed between collagen bundles, with very little ground substance and few blood vessels, and is adapted to forces acting in a consistent direction

79
Q

Where can Dense Regular Connective Tissues be found

A

Tendons, ligaments, vocal cord and arteries

80
Q

What are the main features of Dense Irregular Connective Tissues

A

Densely packed, Collagen fibers that run RANDOMLY, Very small open spaces (ground substance), High durability in multiple directions

81
Q

Where can Dense Irregular Connective Tissues be found

A

deeper dermis, capsules around viscera, fibrous sheaths around cartilage, bones and nerves

82
Q

What is the most dominant cell type in Adipose Connective Tissue

A

Adipocytes

83
Q

What does Adipose Tissue look like

A

Tightly packed together and filled with triglycerides with very little cytoplasm

84
Q

What are triglycerides

A

a common type of fat that accounts for about 95 per cent of all dietary fats. these get put through the blood stream for energy and stored in body fat to fuel the body between meals

85
Q

What are the main functions of Adipose Connective Tissue

A

Energy Reservoir, Thermal Insulation, Anchors and cushions organs e.g. eyes and kidneys

86
Q

What is most Adipose Tissue labeled as

A

White Fat

87
Q

Do adipocytes multiply

A

no, they expand

88
Q

what does an overabundance of adipose tissue correlate to

A

Obesity

89
Q

What is brown fat

A

Heat generating tissue that burns calories and gets colour from abundance of mitochondria

Human Bioscience (8 decks)

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