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Human Bioscience > Week 2 - Cellular Organisation I > Flashcards

Week 2 - Cellular Organisation I Flashcards

Key Structure and Function of Cells

1
Q

What are the 2 different types of cell fluids

A

Intracellular (ICF) and Extracellular (ECF)

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2
Q

What is 10^-3

A

mm

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3
Q

What is 10^-6

A

μm (micrometre)

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4
Q

What does μm mean

A

Micro Metre

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5
Q

What is 10^-9

A

nm (Nano Metre)

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6
Q

What is 10^3

A

km

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7
Q

What are the 5 main Components of the Cell Surface

A

Plasma Membrane, Structure/Function, Glycocalyx, Surface Extensions, Junctions

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8
Q

What are the 3 main Components of the Cell Interior

A

Cytoskeleton, Organelles, Inclusions

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9
Q

What are the 3 Components of a Cytoskeleton

A

Microfilaments, Intermediate Filaments, Microtubules

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10
Q

Are Organelles Living or Not Living

A

Living

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11
Q

What are the 2 forms of Inclusions

A

Foreign Bodies, Stored Cellular Products

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12
Q

Are Inclusions always non living

A

No, Bacteria is Living

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13
Q

What is a Foreign Body (Cell Interior)

A

Things inside the cell that shouldn’t be there

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14
Q

What are some examples of Stored Cellular Products (Cell Interior)

A

Proteins, Carbohydrates, Fats

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15
Q

What are some examples of Foreign Bodies

A

Bacteria, Viruses, Dust

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16
Q

What is the Mitochondria, The Nucleus, and Golgi Apparatus all a part of

A

Organelles

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17
Q

Name the 5 Different Types of Passive Cellular Transport

A

Diffusion, Facilitated Diffusion, Filtration, Osmosis, Tonicity

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18
Q

What are the 2 different Types Cellular Transport

A

Passive, Active

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19
Q

What are the 2 different Types of Active Cellular Transport

A

Na+/K+ Pump, Vesicular Transport

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20
Q

What are the 4 types of Vesicular Transport

A

Phagocytosis, Pinocytosis, Endocytosis, Exocytosis

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21
Q

What is a Concentration Gradient

A

the process of particles, moving through a solution or gas from an area with a higher number of particles to an area with a lower number of particles

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22
Q

What type of Cellular Transport Travels down the Concentration Gradient

A

Passive

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23
Q

What type of Cellular Transport Travels up the Concentration Gradient

A

Active

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24
Q

What is the Energy Molecule called used in Active Cellular Transport

A

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)

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25
Q

Cell Theory States that all Living Things are Made up of…

A

Cells

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26
Q

What is the smallest unit of life

A

Cells

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27
Q

All cells come from…

A

Pre-Existing Cells

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28
Q

Where does all the Vital Functions of an Organism Occur

A

Within the Cell

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29
Q

Where is hereditary Information Stored

A

Contained in genes, located in the chromosomes of each cell

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30
Q

What is Cytology

A

Study of Cells

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31
Q

When were the first Microscopes

A

1630’s

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32
Q

What are the Major Components of a Cell

A

Plasma Membrane, Cytoplasm, Cytoskeleton, Organelles, Inclusions

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33
Q

What makes up Cytoplasm

A

Cytosol, Organelles, Cytoskeleton, Inclusions

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34
Q

How many kinds of Cells in the Human Body

A

Around 200

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35
Q

Why do Human Cells vary in Abundance, Shape and Size

A

They relate to their Function in the body

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36
Q

What are the 8 Components of Cell Physiology

A

Connect Body Parts, Line Body Organs, Transport Gases, Move Organs/Body Parts, Store Nutrients, Fight Disease, Gather Information and Control Body Function, Reproduction

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37
Q

Can cells gather information on whether or not something within is Foreign or Self

A

Yes

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38
Q

What is the Plasma Membrane

A

The Outer Boundary of the Cell

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39
Q

What is the Plasma Membrane Made up of

A

Phospholipid Bilayer Membrane

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40
Q

What is the Control Centre of the Cell

A

Nucleus

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41
Q

What is contained inside the Nucleus

A

DNA, RNA

42
Q

What is usually the Largest Organelle

A

Nucleus

43
Q

What is the Jelly Like Substance inside the Cell

A

Cytosol (Not Cytoplasm)

44
Q

What is a Cytoskeleton

A

Supportive Framework of Filaments and Tubules

45
Q

What are Organelles

A

Diverse Structures Performing METABOLIC Tasks for the Cell

46
Q

What is Cytosol

A

Intracellular Fluid, Clear thin Gel embedding other Internal Components

47
Q

What are Body Fluids used for

A

Transport Nutrients or Expel Waste from Cells

48
Q

What Percentage of your BODY WEIGHT is Water Weight

A

60%

49
Q

What Percentage of your BODY WEIGHT is Intracellular Fluid

A

40%

50
Q

What Percentage of your BODY WEIGHT is Extracellular Fluid

A

20%

51
Q

What are the 2 types of Extracellular Fluid

A

Interstitial, Intravascular

52
Q

What is Interstitial Fluid

A

Fluid Between the Cells (e.g. Tissues)

53
Q

What is Intravascular Fluid

A

Inside Blood Vessels (e.g. Plasma)

54
Q

What is the most common Measurement when looking at Cells

A

μm (micrometre)

55
Q

What is the smallest size the Naked Eye can see

A

around 100μm

56
Q

How big are Most Cells

A

Around 10-15μm Wide

57
Q

What is the Longest Human Cell

A

Nerve Cells

58
Q

Can you see the Longest Human Cells with your Naked Eye

A

No, you cannot see Nerve Cells

59
Q

Why are Cells Small

A

To Support Diffusion and Metabolism

60
Q

What Activities Happen at the Cell Surface Level

A

Binding of Signal Molecules, Stimulation of Cellular Activity, Attachment of Cells to each other, Transport of materials into and out of cells

61
Q

What part of the Plasma Membrane is Hydrophilic

A

Phospholipid Heads

62
Q

What part of the Plasma Membrane is Hydrophobic

A

Phospholipid Tails

63
Q

If Fluid is not able to travel through the Plasma Membrane due to the Hydrophobic Phospholipid Tails, how does it get through

A

Protein Membrane Channels

64
Q

What do the Phospholipid Heads Face

A

Intracellular and Extracellular Fluid

65
Q

Why is Cholesterol Important in the Plasma Membrane

A

Structure and Integrity of the Phospholipid Bilayer

66
Q

What is the Layer of the Plasma Membrane Called

A

Phospholipid Bilayer

67
Q

What do Carbohydrate Chains do

A

Recognise Foreign or Self things and send signals to the Immune System

68
Q

What are the 6 Membrane Proteins

A

Receptors, Enzyme, Channel, Gated Channel, Cell-Identity Marker, Cell Adhesion Molecule (CAM)

69
Q

What is the Receptor Protein Membrane for

A

Absorbing Chemical Messengers and Telling the Cell to do something

70
Q

What is the Enzyme Protein Membrane for

A

Breaks down the Chemical Messengers that the Receptor would absorb

71
Q

What is the Channel Protein Membrane for

A

Stays constantly open allowing for Solutes to pass

72
Q

What is the Gated Channel Protein Membrane for

A

Open and closes allowing for Solutes to pass only at certain times

73
Q

What is the Cell Identity Marker Protein Membrane

A

A Glycoprotein, that recognises Foreign and Self Cells

74
Q

What is the Cell-Adhesion Molecule Protein Membrane for

A

Binds Cell to Cell

75
Q

What is the Glycocalyx

A

“Sugar Coating” of the Cell

76
Q

What does sugar in the body refer to

A

Carbohydrates

77
Q

What is the “Sugar Coating” of the Cell called

A

Glycocalyx

78
Q

What does the Glycocalyx connect too on the cell

A

Glycolipids and Glycoproteins

79
Q

What are the 3 functions of the Glycocalyx

A

Cell Adhesion Molecules (prevents tissues falling apart), Cushions Plasma Membrane (protection), Identifies Self and Foreign Substances

80
Q

What are the 2 main Cell Surface Extensions

A

Microvilli, Cilia

81
Q

What is Microvilli

A

A Surface Extension

82
Q

What is Cilia

A

A Surface Extension

83
Q

What are the functions of Microvilli

A

Increased Surface area allows for more absorption, as well as some sensory roles

84
Q

What are some examples of Microvilli

A

Absorption: Epithelial Cells of the Small Intestine
Sensory: Taste Buds & Inner Ear

85
Q

What are the functions and characteristics of Cilia

A

Thin hair-like extensions allow for movement

86
Q

What are some Examples of Cilia

A

found in the Mucous Membrane of the Respiratory Tract and Uterine Tubes

87
Q

What is the tail like extension

A

Flagella

88
Q

What is the cell that grows “feet”

A

Pseudopods

89
Q

What is a pseudopod

A

an extension to a cell that grows feet, usually to engulf something

90
Q

What is a Pseudopod made out of

A

Cytoplasm

91
Q

What are the 3 Cellular Junctions

A

Tight Junctions, Desmosomes, Gap Junctions

92
Q

What is the Apical Surface of a Cell

A

The right way up / upper part of the cell

93
Q

What is the Basement Surface of a Cell

A

Upside down / lower part of the cell

94
Q

Where do Tight Junctions Bind

A

Apical Surface

95
Q

What Cellular Junction binds at the Apical Surface

A

Tight Junctions

96
Q

What is a unique characteristic of tight junctions

A

Nothing can get in between the cells

97
Q

What is the Anchoring Cellular Junction

A

Desmosomes

98
Q

What are the Tunnel like Cellular Junctions

A

Gap Junctions

99
Q

Where is a common place to find Gap Junctions

A

Cardiac Muscle

100
Q

What role do the Phospholipids Serve in the Plasma Membrane

A

They keep it Viable and Moving, and allows specific things in and out

Human Bioscience (8 decks)

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