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NUR1114 bioscience > week 6: lymphoid & immune systems > Flashcards

week 6: lymphoid & immune systems Flashcards

1
Q

what do adaptive defences have?

A

immunological memory

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2
Q

what are the 2 main immune defences?

A

innate
adaptive

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3
Q

what does a cellular & humoral immune response begin with?

A

activation of a helper T cell (Th)

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4
Q

are adaptive defences specific or non-specific?

A

specific

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5
Q

what are 3 examples of cytokines?

A

interferons
IL-1
IL-2

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6
Q

what are the 4 defensive mechanisms used by antibodies called?

A

neutralisation
agglutination
precipitation
complement protein activation

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7
Q

what happens in secondary lymphoid organs & tissues?

A

foreign materials become trapped & destroyed
or
immune response generated

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8
Q

what do granzymes do?

A

induce apoptosis

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9
Q

what are 2 accessory structures of the physical barrier?

A

hairs (skin & nose)
cilia of the mucociliary escalator

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10
Q

when does an autoimmune disease occur?

A

when the body’s immune defences target normal tissues

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11
Q

what are 3 examples of pyrogens?

A

IL-1
interferons
bacterial toxins

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12
Q

where does B cell maturation occur?

A

bone marrow

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13
Q

what do NK cells destroy?

A

virus-infected cells
cancerous cells

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14
Q

what are 4 examples of secondary lymphoid organs & tissues?

A

lymph nodes
spleen
appendix
tonsils

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15
Q

what is the treatment for anaphylactic shock?

A

adrenaline (epinephrine)

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16
Q

what does increased capillary permeability allow?

A

clotting factors, macrophages, neutrophils & complement proteins to enter damaged tissue

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17
Q

where are lymph nodes located?

A

along lymphatic vessels

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18
Q

what do interferons inhibit?

A

viral replication

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19
Q

what do secondary lymphoid organs & tissues contain?

A

WBCs

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20
Q

how many L of ISF enters the lymphatic capillaries to form lymph per day?

A

3

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21
Q

are innate defences present at birth?

A

yes

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22
Q

how can mild or moderate fevers be beneficial?

A

inhibit growth of some bacteria & viruses
increases cell metabolism - accelerates immune defences

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23
Q

by taking up space how does normal flora prevent pathogen colonisation?

A

pathogens unable to attach to body cells/tissues

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24
Q

what are cytokines & what do they do?

A

chemical messengers
recruit &/or activate WBCs

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25
Q

what are the 3 functions of lymph?

A

regulates ISF volume
maintains BV & BP
transports WBC & foreign materials to lymph nodes

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26
Q

what is complement activation (by antibodies)?

A

antibodies bind to antigen & activate complement proteins

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27
Q

what are 3 possible causes of lymphoedema?

A

tumours
surgery
parasitic infections

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28
Q

what does increased blood flow (by dilated arterioles) bring to the damaged area?

A

complement proteins
clotting factors
macrophages & neutrophils

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29
Q

what do perforins do?

A

create pores in the target cell membrane, allowing entry of granzymes

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30
Q

what does the lymphoid system protect the body from?

A

foreign materials & internal threats

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31
Q

adaptive defences are systemic, what does this mean?

A

not restricted to initial infection site

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32
Q

what are the 2 types of surface barriers?

A

physical
chemical

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33
Q

what is a systemic response to an allergen called?

A

anaphylactic shock

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34
Q

what does a primary immune response produce?

A

memory T & B cells

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35
Q

what produces interferons?

A

WBCs
virus-infected cells

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36
Q

what is a humoral immune response mediated by?

A

B cells

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37
Q

what is an antigen called in hypersensitivity?

A

allergen

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38
Q

what is the role of the cilia of the mucociliary escalator?

A

move foreign materials from the respiratory tract towards the throat

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39
Q

what does the humoral response produce during a secondary immune response?

A

large amounts of IgG

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40
Q

what do damaged cells release?

A

histamine & prostaglandins (inflammatory chemicals)

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41
Q

how does normal flora prevent pathogen colonisation?

A

consuming essential nutrients
taking up space

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42
Q

what 3 cells are involved in autoimmune diseases?

A

self-reactive cytotoxic T cells
self-reactive B cells
regulatory T cells

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43
Q

what are 2 examples of primary lymphoid organs?

A

red bone marrow
thymus

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44
Q

what is lymph?

A

excess ISF
white-milky protein containing fluid

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45
Q

what is immunocompetence?

A

the ability to recognise & bind 1 specific antigen

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46
Q

what is a primary immune response?

A

first time an antigen invades the body

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47
Q

what are 3 examples of cellular antigens?

A

cancerous cells
foreign cells
virus/bacteria/parasite infected cells

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48
Q

what does lymphoedema increase the risk of & why?

A

infection
pathogens can accumulate w/in body tissues

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49
Q

what 3 things does the release of histamine & prostaglandins cause?

A

dilation of arterioles
capillaries become leaky
attract macrophages & neutrophils

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50
Q

what does HIV stand for & what does it primarily infect & destroy?

A

human immunodeficiency virus
helper T cells

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51
Q

what do lymphatic capillaries contain?

A

flaplike minivalves

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52
Q

are adaptive defences present at birth?

A

no - acquired/develop throughout life

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53
Q

what are the 4 components of the lymphoid system?

A

lymphatic system
lymphoid organs & tissues
WBC
cytokines

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54
Q

what is this WBC?

A

neutrophil

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55
Q

what is a primary immune response & does it protect the body from illness?

A

small, slow, short-lived
no

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56
Q

what do pyrogens result in?

A

fever

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57
Q

what are cytokines produced & secreted by?

A

WBCs

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58
Q

what is this WBC?

A

eosinophil

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59
Q

what is neutralisation?

A

antibodies bind to specific sites on antigens to block their attachment to body cells

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60
Q

what is self-tolerance?

A

the ability to recognise “self-antigens” from “non-self-antigens”

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61
Q

what happens when a helper T cell is activated & what does it produce?

A

proliferates
antigen-specific effector & memory helper T cells

62
Q

what are the 3 components of the lymphatic system?

A

lymphatic capillaries & vessels
lymph nodes
lymph

63
Q

when do hypersensitivities occur?

A

body’s immune defences respond to a harmless antigen (that is perceived as a threat)

64
Q

what does increased blood flow (by dilated arterioles) cause the area to become?

A

red & warm

65
Q

what does the dilation of arterioles increase?

A

blood flow

66
Q

what are the 4 roles of complement proteins?

A

recruit macrophages & neutrophils
enhance phagocytosis by opsonisation
directly destroy cellular targets - MAC
enhance inflammatory response

67
Q

what is an antigen?

A

molecule capable of inducing an immune response

68
Q

what is immediate hypersensitivity?

A

acute, rapid allergic reaction

69
Q

what is opsonisation?

A

complement proteins coat foreign material making it easier for phagocytes to identify & more palatable

70
Q

what does gastric juice contain & how does it act as a chemical barrier?

A

hydrochloric acid & pepsin
destroy ingested foreign materials

71
Q

what does a vaccine expose an individual to?

A

inactive or attenuated (weak) antigen

72
Q

how does intact skin & mucous membranes protect the body against foreign materials?

A

epithelial cells form a formidable barrier

73
Q

what are the 2 responses of an immune response?

A

cellular
humoral

74
Q

what are 2 examples of soluble antigens?

A

bacterial toxins
venom

75
Q

what do self-reactive B cells that differentiate into plasma cells secrete?

A

autoantibodies (self-reactive antibodies)

76
Q

what are the 3 line’s of defence (in order)?

A

1st - surface barriers
2nd - internal defences
3rd - immune response

77
Q

what are pyrogens & what do they do?

A

group of proteins

reset body’s hypothalamic thermostat & increase body temperature

78
Q

what do primary lymphoid organs contain & what can they do?

A

stem cells
differentiate into various WBCs

79
Q

what is precipitation?

A

antibodies clump together multiple soluble antigens to form large insoluble Ag-Ab complexes

80
Q

what do lymph nodes do?

A

trap foreign materials = “filter lymph”

81
Q

what is hypersensitivity mediated by?

A

allergen-specific IgE antibodies

82
Q

what 6 things does the second line of defence involve?

A

macrophages
neutrophils
NK cells
interferons
complement proteins
pyrogens
inflammatory response

83
Q

what is immunological memory?

A

the ability to remember antigens

84
Q

what happens during an anaphylactic shock?

A

bronchioles constrict
systemic vasodilation
increased capillary permeability

–> decreased BP –> circulatory collapse –> death

85
Q

what do interferons activate?

A

macrophages & NK cells

86
Q

what is the aim of surface barriers?

A

prevent foreign materials from entering the body

87
Q

where do lymphatic vessels carry lymph from & to?

A

peripheral tissues back to blood (venous circulation)

88
Q

what is this WBC?

A

basophil

89
Q

where does lymph transport WBC & foreign materials to?

A

lymph nodes

90
Q

what unique surface receptor do B cells have?

A

membrane bound antibody receptor

91
Q

what is agglutination?

A

antibodies clump together multiple cellular antigens or foreign particles to form large Ag-Ab complexes

92
Q

what is this WBC?

A

lymphocyte

93
Q

what does an allergen bind to & what does this trigger?

A

IgE on mast cells & basophils
release of histamine

94
Q

what happens during a first allergen exposure?

A

plasma cells secrete IgE which binds to mast cells & basophils - no symptoms

95
Q

are innate defences specific or non-specific?

A

non-specific

96
Q

what is a cellular immune response mediated by?

A

cytotoxic T cells

97
Q

what cytokine helps activate cytotoxic T cells & B cells?

A

IL-2

98
Q

what are the 3 functions of the lymphatic system?

A

circulates body fluids
removes foreign materials from body fluids
transports WBC

99
Q

what 4 ways do surface barriers prevent foreign materials from entering the body?

A

form a formidable barrier
trap & remove foreign materials
expel foreign materials
destroy foreign materials

100
Q

what does the secretion of cytokines by effector helper T cells do?

A

activates cytotoxic T cells & B cells
(“turns on” cellular & humoral immune responses)

101
Q

what do effector cytotoxic T cells destroy & how?

A

cellular antigens
release perforins & granzymes

102
Q

what are pathogens?

A

harmful or disease causing microorganisms

103
Q

what do the flaplike minivalves of lymphatic capillaries permit the entry of?

A

ISF
WBC
foreign materials

104
Q

what happens to Ag-Ab complexes?

A

phagocytosed

105
Q

what are 3 disorders of immune function?

A

immunodeficiency diseases
autoimmune diseases
hypersensitivities

106
Q

what do macrophages & neutrophils stimulate?

A

fibroblasts to repair damaged tissue

107
Q

what does increased capillary permeability cause the area to do & become?

A

swells
painful

108
Q

what does the presentation of antigens to T cells do?

A

activate them

109
Q

what are 3 autoimmune diseases?

A

rheumatoid arthritis
type I diabetes
multiple sclerosis

110
Q

what do activated cytotoxic T cells do & what do they produce?

A

proliferate
antigen-specific effector & memory cytotoxic T cells

111
Q

which lines of defence belong to:
innate defences
adaptive defences

A

innate defences = 1st - surface barriers, 2nd - internal defences
adaptive defences = 3rd - immune response

112
Q

how does mucus act as a chemical barrier?

A

traps foreign materials in respiratory & digestive tracts

113
Q

what do lymph nodes contain?

A

WBCs

114
Q

what antibodies are produced by a humoral primary immune response & which antibody is produced first?

A

IgM then IgG

115
Q

what is the result of blocked lymphatic drainage?

A

lymphoedema

116
Q

what do memory cells do?

A

“remember” antigens

launch a faster, stronger counterattack - secondary immune response

117
Q

what happens if T & B cells fail to recognise self-antigens?

A

attack normal body cells/tissues
autoimmune disease

118
Q

what is the role of hairs (skin & nose) as physical barriers?

A

trap foreign materials

119
Q

what do clotting factors do & why?

A

form a clot
isolate area

120
Q

what unique surface receptor do T cells have?

A

membrane bound T cell receptor (TcR)

121
Q

what happens to ISF if lymphatic drainage is blocked?

A

accumulates in tissues causing swelling (oedema)

122
Q

what does the second line of defence prevent?

A

foreign materials from spreading throughout the body

123
Q

where does T cell maturation occur?

A

thymus

124
Q

when does an immunodeficiency disease occur?

A

immune defences are compromised or absent & unable to mount an effective immune response

125
Q

what do macrophages & neutrophils do?

A

phagocytose & destroy foreign materials via lysosomal enzymes

126
Q

what is this WBC?

A

macrophage

127
Q

where are WBCs found?

A

blood
lymph
lymphoid organs & tissues

128
Q

how do NK cells destroy target cells?

A

release perforins & granzymes

129
Q

what are the 3 categories of physical barriers?

A

intact skin & mucous membranes
accessory structures
normal flora

130
Q

how does sweat, saliva & tears act as chemical barriers?

A

cleanse body surfaces
contain lysozyme - destroys bacteria

131
Q

what 2 things can WBCs in lymph nodes do?

A

directly destroy foreign materials
activate immune response

132
Q

what areas does normal flora colonise?

A

skin
upper respiratory tract
parts of the digestive, urinary & reproductive tracts

133
Q

what is sebum & how does is act as a chemical barrier?

A

acidic skin secretion
inhibits pathogen growth & toxic to some bacteria

134
Q

what do effector helper T cells secrete?

A

cytokines

135
Q

when regulatory T cells fail to “turn off” the immune response & suppress self-reactive cells what does this lead to?

A

autoimmune diseases

136
Q

what are the 2 aims of the innate defences?

A

prevent foreign materials from:
entering the body
spreading throughout the body

137
Q

what are the 3 lymphocytes?

A

NK cells
T cells
B cells

138
Q

what are 2 APCs & what do they do?

A

macrophages & dendritic cells
phagocytose & present antigens to T cells

139
Q

what does AIDs stand for?

A

acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

140
Q

how is a helper T cell activated?

A

TcR binds to a specific antigen presented by an APC

141
Q

what are the 5 major classes of antibodies?

A

IgM
IgG
IgA
IgD
IgE

142
Q

what are the 3 aims of the inflammatory response?

A

localise & contain foreign materials at an injury site
dispose of foreign materials & cellular debris
repair damaged tissue

143
Q

what does SCID syndrome stand for & what does it involve?

A

severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome
no T & B cells

144
Q

what do interferons stimulate uninfected host cells to do & what does this prevent?

A

produce antiviral proteins
viral replication

145
Q

what do activated T cells do?

A

activate B cells

146
Q

what do plasma cells secrete?

A

Ag-specific antibodies

147
Q

what happens to self-reactive T or B cells?

A

destroyed

148
Q

what are 4 chemical barriers?

*1 has 3 components

A

sweat, saliva & tears
sebum
mucus
gastric juice

149
Q

what does the release of histamine cause during an allergic reaction?

A

bronchoconstriction
mucus production
vasodilation
increased blood vessel permeability

150
Q

what does adrenaline result in as treatment for anaphylactic shock?

A

bronchioles dilate
vasoconstriction - increased BP

151
Q

what do activated B cells do & produce?

A

proliferate
plasma cells & memory B cells

NUR1114 bioscience (7 decks)

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