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NUR1114 bioscience > week 4: fluids & electrolytes > Flashcards

week 4: fluids & electrolytes Flashcards

1
Q

what % of water is in the ICF?

A

60%

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2
Q

what is the major cation of the ICF?

A

K+

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3
Q

what does the renal mechanism do if pH increases?

A

H+ absorbed by kidneys

HCO3- secreted

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4
Q

what is reabsorbed in the presence of aldosterone & what is secreted?

A

Na+ reabsorbed

K+ secreted

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5
Q

how can plasma pH be altered by respiratory regulation & what does in modify?

A

change in breathing rate

blood content of CO2

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6
Q

what % of change in osmolarity stimulates the hypothalamic thirst centre?

A

1-2%

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7
Q

what is the equation for the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system if the pH drops?

A

HCO3- + H+ -> H2CO3

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8
Q

how can an intake of excess base occur?

A

antacid overdose

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9
Q

what % of water is in the ISF?

A

32%

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10
Q

what is the pH of arterial blood?

A

7.4

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11
Q

what 2 ways is H+ removed from the body?

A

urine

CO2 removed by lungs

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12
Q

what % of water is in the ECF?

A

40%

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13
Q

in respiratory regulation of pH what does generation of high levels of CO2 in the tissues result in?

A

higher levels of free H+ ions in the blood

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14
Q

what happens with a 5-10% change in plasma volume?

A

baroreceptors detect change in BP

juxtaglomerular cells in nephrons detect the change & activate RAAS

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15
Q

how are the major tasks of fluid homeostasis achieved?

A

maintaining fluid balance in the ECF

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16
Q

what are 2 examples of endocrine disturbances?

A

diabetes insipidus

diabetes mellitus

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17
Q

what stimulates ADH to increase water reabsorption?

A

high sodium concentration in plasma

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18
Q

what does hypotonic hydration result in?

A

hyponatremia

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19
Q

what primarily maintains fluid & electrolyte homeostasis?

A

kidneys

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20
Q

with ADH secretion where is water reabsorbed at?

A

DT & CD

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21
Q

what is lymphoedema & what is it due to?

A

accumulation of ISF

due to surgically removed/blocked lymph glands

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22
Q

what can increase capillary permeability?

A

infection

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23
Q

where is CO2 generated, transported by, & removed by?

A

generated in the tissues
transported in the blood
removed by the lungs

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24
Q

what are respiratory regulation and renal mechanisms called?

A

physiological buffer systems

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25
Q

what are the 5 early signs of dehydration?

A 
dry mucous membranes
increased thirst
dry flushed skin
decreased skin turgor
decreased urine output (oliguria)
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26
Q

what are 3 causes of respiratory alkalosis?

A 
panic attacks (w/ hyperventilation)
early salicylate overdose 
fever (particularly in infants)
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27
Q

when stimulated by ADH where does increased water reabsorption occur?

A

collecting duct of kidney

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28
Q

what is the result of increased plasma osmolarity in dehydration?

A

hypernatremia

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29
Q

what may lead to cerebral oedema & what 4 things may occur?

A

hypotonic hydration

disorientation, convulsions, coma, death

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30
Q

what is the 2nd most common cause of acid-base imbalance?

A

metabolic acidosis

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31
Q

what is the most potent mechanisms of pH regulation?

A

renal mechanisms

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32
Q

what 2 things may increase capillary hydrostatic pressure?

A

L/R sided heart failure

lymphatic obstruction

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33
Q

what is the renal mechanism able to excrete?

A

HCO3-

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34
Q

what % of body weight does water account for in male adults?

A

60%

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35
Q

how fast does the respiratory regulation of pH occur?

A

within minutes

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36
Q

what 2 ways to kidneys work to regulate blood pH?

A

remove acids produced by metabolic reactions

conserve or renew acids when need

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37
Q

when does alkalosis occur?

A

pH above 7.45

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38
Q

what % of change in plasma volume stimulates the hypothalamic thirst centre?

A

5-10%

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39
Q

when is lactic acid production seen?

A

shock

cardiac arrest

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40
Q

in order to reach the ICF, where must fluid pass through?

A

both the plasma & the ISF

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41
Q

what does decreased plasma volume & BP inhibit?

A

baroreceptors

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42
Q

how much of muscle tissue is water?

A

75%

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43
Q

what is metabolic alkalosis due to?

A

excess of bases or deficit of acids –> increased blood pH

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44
Q

what is the major anion of the ICF?

A

HPO4^2-

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45
Q

where does loss of water occur?

A

lungs, skin, digestive tract & kidneys when excreting wastes

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46
Q

what 3 severe metabolic disturbances can hypotonic hydration lead to?

A

nausea
vomiting
muscle cramps

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47
Q

what do baroreceptors stimulate the release of?

A

ADH from posterior pituitary

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48
Q

what is the renal mechanisms able to conserve & generate?

A

HCO3-

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49
Q

what is the equation for the respiratory regulation of pH?

A

CO2 + H2O <–> H2CO3 <–> HCO3- + H+

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50
Q

does water intake = water output?

A

yes

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51
Q

what does fat metabolism produce?

A

fatty acids

ketone bodies

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52
Q

what is the physiologically normal pH range?

A

7.35 - 7.45

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53
Q

what 3 things may decrease colloid osmotic pressure?

A

low plasma proteins (protein malnutrition)
liver disease
kidney disease

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54
Q

how is pH measured clinically?

A

using arterial blood

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55
Q

what is the absolute limit of blood pH?

A

6.8 - 7.8

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56
Q

what % of body weight does water account for in female adults?

A

50%

57
Q

what happens when blood pH is above 7.8?

A

stimulation of NS –> muscle tetany, convulsions, respiratory arrest

58
Q

what is activated if ECF volume is extremely low?

A

sympathetic NS

59
Q

what 7 things result in ECF loss/dehydration?

A 
haemorrhage
severe burns
severe vomiting
severe diarrhoea
profuse sweating
low water intake
endocrine disturbances
60
Q

what are 4 examples of diseases that result in respiratory acidosis?

A

pneumonia
cystic fibrosis
emphysema
shallow breathing

61
Q

what is hypovolaemia?

A

decreased circulating BV

62
Q

what is respiratory alkalosis often caused by?

A

hyperventilation in association w/ stress or pain

63
Q

why does oedema impair tissue functioning?

A

increased distance that oxygen, nutrients & wastes must diffuse between cells & blood

64
Q

what is the pH of venous blood & ISF?

A

7.35

65
Q

how does respiratory alkalosis occur?

A

hyperventilation –> excessive CO2 exhalation –> reduction in carbonic acid –> rise in pH

66
Q

how is BV detected?

A

baroreceptors

67
Q

what does aldosterone target?

A

kidney tubules

68
Q

what do non-electrolytes do in solution?

A

stay together

69
Q

why can constipation result in metabolic alkalosis?

A

excessive bicarbonate reabsorbed

70
Q

what % of water is in cytosol?

A

60%

71
Q

when does metabolic acidosis occur?

A

excess fixed acids in body –> decreased pH

72
Q

can oedema result in compromised cardiovascular functioning?

A

yes

73
Q

where is aldosterone synthesised & secreted from?

A

adrenal cortex

74
Q

what are the 4 typical causes of metabolic alkalosis?

A

vomiting
intake of excess base
constipation
excessive diuresis

75
Q

what % of water input is from cellular metabolism?

A

10%

76
Q

what % of water input is from fluids?

A

60%

77
Q

what do you get when you mix an acid with a base?

A

water & salt

78
Q

where does fluid move from & to when oedema occurs?

A

from blood to ISF

79
Q

what do changes in pH alter renal tubule reabsorption & secretion of ?

A

H+

80
Q

what is the major cation of the ECF?

A

Na+

81
Q

what increases when total body water decreases?

A

plasma osmolarity

82
Q

what buffer system do we discuss?

A

carbonic acid-bicarbonate ion buffer system

83
Q

what does ADH inhibit?

A

diuresis

84
Q

when is hypovolaemic shock most likely to occur?

A

in haemorrhage

85
Q

where does the conservation, generation & excretion of HCO3- occur?

A

renal tubule of nephron & CD

86
Q

how fast do renal mechanisms regulate pH?

A

hours to days

87
Q

what are the 2 main fluid compartments?

A

ICF & ECF

88
Q

acidosis occurs when the pH is below what?

A

7.35

89
Q

what 4 things occur with oedema?

A

swollen tissues
puffy feet
swollen ankles
puffy eyes

90
Q

what are most free H+ ions in the body a result of?

A

metabolic processes (cellular respiration)

91
Q

what % of water input is from food?

A

30%

92
Q

what 3 ways is pH regulated?

A

chemical buffer systems
respiratory regulation
renal mechanisms

93
Q

what are 3 things oedema is caused by?

A

increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
increased capillary permeability
decreased colloid osmotic pressure

94
Q

how are changes in osmolarity detected?

A

by osmoreceptors in hypothalamus

95
Q

what is hypernatremia?

A

high Na+ in the ECF

96
Q

does the fluid shift that occurs with oedema cause a severe increase or decrease in circulating BV?

A

decrease

97
Q

what does respiratory acidosis lead to?

A

carbonic acid excess

decrease in pH

98
Q

how much of adipose tissue is water?

A

10%

99
Q

what is oedema?

A

abnormal accumulation of fluid in the ISF

100
Q

what is the ultimate pH balance of the blood achieved by?

A

kidneys

101
Q

what is the equation for the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system if the pH rises?

A

H2Co3 -> HCO3- + H+

102
Q

Does hypernatremia occur in haemorrhage?

A

no, whole blood is lost (fluids & solutes lost equally)

103
Q

what are 6 examples of causes of metabolic acidosis?

A 
renal disease
excessive ingestion of acids
lactic acid production
excessive loss of bicarbonate ions
ketosis
starvation
104
Q

what are the 2 major tasks of fluid homeostasis?

A
  1. maintaining ICF water balance

2. maintaining plasma water balance

105
Q

what occurs with hypoventilation?

A

retention of CO2

respiratory acidosis

106
Q

how does excessive ingestion of acids occur?

A

alcohol

107
Q

what does the renal mechanism do if pH drops?

A

excess H+ secreted by kidneys

HCO3- reabsorbed & generated (alkaline reserve)

108
Q

what 3 locations is water in the body

A

plasma, ISF, cytosol

109
Q

where are 2 baroreceptors located?

A

carotid sinus

aortic arch

110
Q

what are 2 things pH is important for?

A

protein function

biochemical reactions

111
Q

do electrolytes dissociate in solution?

A

yes

112
Q

what are 4 examples of acute causes of respiratory acidosis?

A

status asthmaticus
CNS depression
pulmonary oedema
pneumothorax

113
Q

what is the ideal blood pH?

A

7.4

114
Q

what is the average water intake/output per day in mls?

A

2500 ml

115
Q

what does anaerobic respiration of glucose produce?

A

lactic acid

116
Q

what is oliguria?

A

decreased urine output

117
Q

what is the major anion of the ECF

A

Cl-

118
Q

what 2 things stimulate aldosterone secretion?

A

angiotensin II

elevated K+ in ECF

119
Q

what % of water is in plasma?

A

8%

120
Q

what is a buffer?

A

a substance or solution that minimises changes in pH by binding or releasing free H+ ions

121
Q

why is the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system extremely important in the ECF?

A

for its ability to buffer the blood

122
Q

what 2 things does hypotonic hydration occur with?

A

renal insufficiency

rapid excess water ingestion

123
Q

what is the most rapid way pH is regulated?

A

chemical buffer systems

124
Q

what are 2 important bases in the body?

A

bicarbonate (HCO3-)

ammonia (NH3)

125
Q

where is ADH made, stored & released from?

A

made by hypothalamus

stored & released from posterior pituitary

126
Q

what do chemical buffer systems do?

A

temporarily tie up H+ ions

127
Q

what are 2 important acids in the body?

A 
acetic acid (HC2H3O2)
carbonic acid (H2CO3)
128
Q

what happens when blood pH is below 6.8?

A

NS shock
coma
death

129
Q

how are H+ (and HCO3-) removed or retained?

A

by the respiratory & renal regulatory mechanisms

130
Q

what is the pH of the ICF

A

7.0

131
Q

what is hypotonic hydration/water intoxication/over-hydration?

A

water intake > water output

132
Q

what % of body weight does water account for in infants?

A

75%

133
Q

what is the most common pH problem?

A

respiratory acidosis

134
Q

when does excessive loss of bicarbonate ions occur?

A

persistent diarrhoea

135
Q

what 4 things might occur with prolonged dehydration?

A

hypovolaemia
confusion
disorientation
hypovolaemic shock

136
Q

what 3 feedback mechanisms inhibit thirst?

A

moistening of mucosa
stretch receptors (stomach, intestine)
decrease in osmolarity

137
Q

large amounts of acidic substances enter the body by ingestion (true/false)

A

false

138
Q

what has greater osmotic power; electrolytes or non-electrolytes?

A

electrolytes

NUR1114 bioscience (7 decks)

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