week 1: musculoskeletal system Flashcards
what are the characteristics of bones in patients with osteomalacia & rickets?
soft, very flexible & easily deformed
what type of bone are the vertebra & hip bones?
irregular bones
fill in the blank:
insertion = the ___ point of muscle attachment
the moveable point of muscle attachment
what is a foramen?
a round or oval opening
label the surface feature of the tibia
what type of cartilage is the menisci?
fibrocartilage
label the joint (articular) surfaces on the femur
what do a joint cavity in a synovial joint do?
separates articulating bones & contains synovial fluid
bones are organs (tue/flase)
true
label the surface feature of the humerus
what are rotational movements?
turn a bone around its own longitudinal axis
what causes osteoporosis?
bone resorption outpaces bone deposition - reduction in bone mass compromises normal bone function
bones display surface features otherwise known as?
landmarks
what is a crest?
a prominent bony ridge
what is a depressed fracture?
broken bone is pressed inwards
where does interstitial bone growth occur?
at the epiphyseal plates of long bones
do synovial joints have a joint cavity?
yes
what 2 movements does a hinge joint allow?
flexion & extension
what type of bone is the patella?
short bone - sesamoid bone
bones widen by interstitial growth (true/false)
false - appositional growth
what is cartilage composed of?
chondrocytes & an extracellular matrix (ground substance, collagen & elastin fibres)
costal cartilage is what type of cartilage?
hyaline
what 2 layers/membranes make up the articular capsule
outer fibrous layer
inner synovial membrane
what is a spiral fracture?
ragged break that occurs when excessive twisting forces are applied to a bone
bone remodelling occurs throughout life (true/false)
true
what are 2 examples of a pivot joint?
proximal radioulnar
atlas-axis joints
spongy bone is heavier than compact bone (true/false)
false - reduces the weight of the skeleton
what do plane joints allow?
gliding movements
in muscle relaxation what happens after Ca+ ions are actively pumped back into the SR?
troponin returns to its original shape
the skull includes:
cranial & facial bones
what is bone deposition?
osteoblasts produce “new” matrix
during muscle contraction what happens after voltage-gated Ca2+ channels open & Ca2+ enters the axon terminal
synaptic vesicles release ACh into the synaptic cleft
how does weight-bearing exercise affect bone growth & remodelling?
mechanical forces stimulate osteoblasts to produce new matrix - bones become thicker, stronger & more resistant to fractures
what does each osteon act as and what forces do they resist?
act as a tiny weight-bearing pillar
resist forces applied to the ends of a bone
what are muscle fibres?
large multi-nucleated cells
what are thin myofilaments composed of?
actin
what specialised bone cell is this?
osteocyte
fill in the blank:
yellow bone marrow consists of ___ cells
a potential ___ source
yellow bone marrow consists of adipose cells
a potential energy source
what 3 things are involved in fracture treatment?
- reduction
- immobilisation
- rehabilitation
what does the articular capsule do?
surrounds entire joint & encloses joint cavity
in muscle relaxation what happens when the sarcolemma returns to its resting state (RMP)?
Ca+ release channels in the SR close
what are the 2 possible functional classifications of fibrous joints?
synarthrosis or amphiarthrosis
in healthy young adults the rate of bone deposition is not equal to the rate of resorption (true/false)
false
with age, a decline in what results in a loss of bone mass?
sex hormones
list 2 passageways for blood vessels, nerves & sound
foramen
canal/meatus
what does the central canal of an osteon contain?
blood vessels & nerves
what 2 layers & 2 tissue membranes does every bone have?
outer layer of compact bone
internal layer of spongy bone
outer connective tissue membrane (periosteum)
internal connective tissue membrane (endosteum)
the rib cage includes:
the sternum & ribs
what is the condyle of a joint surface?
a smooth rounded surface at the end of a bone
during muscle contraction what happens after synaptic vesicles release ACh into the synaptic cleft?
ACh diffuses across the synaptic cleft & binds to chemically-gated ion channels (nicotinic receptors) on the sarcolemma
describe the cartilage in cartilaginous joints
hyaline or fibrocartilage unites articulating bones
label the osteon
what is a canal or meatus?
passageway through bone
what 2 things do growth hormone (GH), thyroid hormone (TH), testosterone (males) & oestrogen (females) do during adolescence?
- promote the adolescent growth spurt
2. end growth - induce epiphyseal plate closure
what is the function of the bones of the pelvic girdle?
attach the lower limbs to the axial skeleton
what is a trochanter?
a large, irregular shaped projection
what is a transverse fracture?
bone completely breaks across the diaphysis
list 2 examples of a ball & socket joint
shoulder
hip joints
what does this diagram display?
interstitial growth
in long bones, spongy bone is mainly found in the proximal & distal epiphysis (true/false)
true
what are short bones?
small cube shaped bones
what do sensory neurons & blood vessels do in synovial joints?
sensory neurons detect pain & monitor proprioception
blood vessels mainly supply synovial membrane
the appendicular skeleton includes the bones of the: (4)
upper limbs, lower limbs, shoulder (pectoral) girdles & pelvic girdle
label the spongy bone
what 5 movements do condylar joints allow?
flexion, extension, adduction, abduction & circumduction
in muscle contraction what happens after myosin heads bind to actin active sites on the thin myofilaments?
myosin heads pull the thin myofilament towards the center of the sarcomere (M-line) & then detach
in the role of movement, what do bones act as to move body parts?
levers
the auricle has what type of cartilage?
elastic
what characteristics do calcium phosphate crystals give bone?
make our bones hard & provide compressive strength
in muscle contraction what happens after troponin pulls tropomyosin away from the actin active sites?
myosin heads bind to the active sites, forming cross bridges & contraction begins
what do you call a fracture where the bone is crushed?
compression fracture
what are the 3 steps of interstitial growth in long bones?
- new cartilage forms at the top of the epiphyseal plate
- bone replaces old cartilage at the bottom of the plate
- diaphysis lengthens
what are thick myofilaments composed of
myosin
what 3 things make up connective tissues in bones?
osseous tissue
adipose tissue
hyaline cartilage (growth plates)
how many bones make up the human skeleton?
206
what are the 5 functions of bones?
support protection storage of minerals & triglycerides blood cell production movement
how do you describe synovial joints functionally?
diarthrosis
how is osseous tissue arranged in spongy bone?
into an irregular lattice of thin needle-like structures called trabeculae
what is a scaphoid fracture?
common carpal bone fracture
during muscle contraction what happens after the sarcolemma depolarises and a GP is produced?
GP opens voltage-gate Na+ channels in the sarcolemma
AP produced
what do you call a fracture where a tendon or ligament pulls off a fragment of bone?
avulsion fracture
what are bones/do bones lack in patients with osteomalacia & rickets?
poorly mineralised
lack calcium phosphate crystals
what is involved in ‘reduction’ during fracture treatment?
the realignment of bone ends
what are flat bones?
thin, flat & often curved bones
what are the 4 tissues that make up bones?
connective
nervous
muscle
epithelial
what are the 3 types of cartilage?
hyaline
fibrocartilage
elastic
what are the 6 types of synovial joints?
pivot plane condylar saddle hinge ball & socket
bones are classified into 4 groups according to what?
shape
do fibrous joints have a joint cavity?
no
label the synovial joint
bone lengthens by appositional growth (true/false)
false - interstitial growth
what are myofibrils composed of?
contractile units called sarcomeres
what is an open (compound) fracture?
broken bone protrudes through the skin
what is a menisci & what are it’s 3 functions?
discs of fibrocartilage
stabilise joint
reduce friction
shock absorption
what does the axial skeleton include?
bones of the skull, vertebral column & rib cage
what type of bones are the tarsals, carpals & patella?
short bones
what are the 4 bone shapes
long
short
flat
irregular
what are the 4 functions of synovial fluid?
shock absorption
reduces friction
supplies oxygen & nutrients to chondrocytes
removes wastes
what is the head of a joint surface?
a rounded expansion at the end of a bone
label the thick myofilament
label the surface features of the ulna & radius
what 5 vitamins & 2 elements affect bone growth & remodelling?
vitamins C, A, D, K & B12
calcium & phosphate
in muscle contraction what happens after the AP stimulates sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release channels to open?
Ca2+ flows into the cytoplasm of the muscle fibre
what does articular cartilage do?
covers the ends of each articulating bone
shock absorption
reduces friction