week 1: musculoskeletal system Flashcards
1
Q
what are the characteristics of bones in patients with osteomalacia & rickets?
A
soft, very flexible & easily deformed
2
Q
what type of bone are the vertebra & hip bones?
A
irregular bones
3
Q
fill in the blank:
insertion = the ___ point of muscle attachment
A
the moveable point of muscle attachment
4
Q
what is a foramen?
A
a round or oval opening
5
Q
label the surface feature of the tibia
A
6
Q
what type of cartilage is the menisci?
A
fibrocartilage
7
Q
label the joint (articular) surfaces on the femur
A
8
Q
what do a joint cavity in a synovial joint do?
A
separates articulating bones & contains synovial fluid
9
Q
bones are organs (tue/flase)
A
true
10
Q
label the surface feature of the humerus
A
11
Q
what are rotational movements?
A
turn a bone around its own longitudinal axis
12
Q
what causes osteoporosis?
A
bone resorption outpaces bone deposition - reduction in bone mass compromises normal bone function
13
Q
bones display surface features otherwise known as?
A
landmarks
14
Q
what is a crest?
A
a prominent bony ridge
15
Q
what is a depressed fracture?
A
broken bone is pressed inwards
16
Q
where does interstitial bone growth occur?
A
at the epiphyseal plates of long bones
17
Q
do synovial joints have a joint cavity?
A
yes
18
Q
what 2 movements does a hinge joint allow?
A
flexion & extension
19
Q
what type of bone is the patella?
A
short bone - sesamoid bone
20
Q
bones widen by interstitial growth (true/false)
A
false - appositional growth
21
Q
what is cartilage composed of?
A
chondrocytes & an extracellular matrix (ground substance, collagen & elastin fibres)
22
Q
costal cartilage is what type of cartilage?
A
hyaline
23
Q
what 2 layers/membranes make up the articular capsule
A
outer fibrous layer
inner synovial membrane
24
Q
what is a spiral fracture?
A
ragged break that occurs when excessive twisting forces are applied to a bone
25
bone remodelling occurs throughout life (true/false)
true
26
what are 2 examples of a pivot joint?
proximal radioulnar
| atlas-axis joints
27
spongy bone is heavier than compact bone (true/false)
false - reduces the weight of the skeleton
28
what do plane joints allow?
gliding movements
29
in muscle relaxation what happens after Ca+ ions are actively pumped back into the SR?
troponin returns to its original shape
30
the skull includes:
cranial & facial bones
31
what is bone deposition?
osteoblasts produce "new" matrix
32
during muscle contraction what happens after voltage-gated Ca2+ channels open & Ca2+ enters the axon terminal
synaptic vesicles release ACh into the synaptic cleft
33
how does weight-bearing exercise affect bone growth & remodelling?
mechanical forces stimulate osteoblasts to produce new matrix - bones become thicker, stronger & more resistant to fractures
34
what does each osteon act as and what forces do they resist?
act as a tiny weight-bearing pillar
| resist forces applied to the ends of a bone
35
what are muscle fibres?
large multi-nucleated cells
36
what are thin myofilaments composed of?
actin
37
what specialised bone cell is this?
osteocyte
38
# fill in the blank:
yellow bone marrow consists of ___ cells
| a potential ___ source
yellow bone marrow consists of adipose cells
| a potential energy source
39
what 3 things are involved in fracture treatment?
1. reduction
2. immobilisation
3. rehabilitation
40
what does the articular capsule do?
surrounds entire joint & encloses joint cavity
41
in muscle relaxation what happens when the sarcolemma returns to its resting state (RMP)?
Ca+ release channels in the SR close
42
what are the 2 possible functional classifications of fibrous joints?
synarthrosis or amphiarthrosis
43
in healthy young adults the rate of bone deposition is not equal to the rate of resorption (true/false)
false
44
with age, a decline in what results in a loss of bone mass?
sex hormones
45
list 2 passageways for blood vessels, nerves & sound
foramen
| canal/meatus
46
what does the central canal of an osteon contain?
blood vessels & nerves
47
what 2 layers & 2 tissue membranes does every bone have?
outer layer of compact bone
internal layer of spongy bone
outer connective tissue membrane (periosteum)
internal connective tissue membrane (endosteum)
48
the rib cage includes:
the sternum & ribs
49
what is the condyle of a joint surface?
a smooth rounded surface at the end of a bone
50
during muscle contraction what happens after synaptic vesicles release ACh into the synaptic cleft?
ACh diffuses across the synaptic cleft & binds to chemically-gated ion channels (nicotinic receptors) on the sarcolemma
51
describe the cartilage in cartilaginous joints
hyaline or fibrocartilage unites articulating bones
52
label the osteon
53
what is a canal or meatus?
passageway through bone
54
what 2 things do growth hormone (GH), thyroid hormone (TH), testosterone (males) & oestrogen (females) do during adolescence?
1. promote the adolescent growth spurt
| 2. end growth - induce epiphyseal plate closure
55
what is the function of the bones of the pelvic girdle?
attach the lower limbs to the axial skeleton
56
what is a trochanter?
a large, irregular shaped projection
57
what is a transverse fracture?
bone completely breaks across the diaphysis
58
list 2 examples of a ball & socket joint
shoulder
| hip joints
59
what does this diagram display?
interstitial growth
60
in long bones, spongy bone is mainly found in the proximal & distal epiphysis (true/false)
true
61
what are short bones?
small cube shaped bones
62
what do sensory neurons & blood vessels do in synovial joints?
sensory neurons detect pain & monitor proprioception
| blood vessels mainly supply synovial membrane
63
the appendicular skeleton includes the bones of the: (4)
upper limbs, lower limbs, shoulder (pectoral) girdles & pelvic girdle
64
label the spongy bone
65
what 5 movements do condylar joints allow?
flexion, extension, adduction, abduction & circumduction
66
in muscle contraction what happens after myosin heads bind to actin active sites on the thin myofilaments?
myosin heads pull the thin myofilament towards the center of the sarcomere (M-line) & then detach
67
in the role of movement, what do bones act as to move body parts?
levers
68
the auricle has what type of cartilage?
elastic
69
what characteristics do calcium phosphate crystals give bone?
make our bones hard & provide compressive strength
70
in muscle contraction what happens after troponin pulls tropomyosin away from the actin active sites?
myosin heads bind to the active sites, forming cross bridges & contraction begins
71
what do you call a fracture where the bone is crushed?
compression fracture
72
what are the 3 steps of interstitial growth in long bones?
1. new cartilage forms at the top of the epiphyseal plate
2. bone replaces old cartilage at the bottom of the plate
3. diaphysis lengthens
73
what are thick myofilaments composed of
myosin
74
what 3 things make up connective tissues in bones?
osseous tissue
adipose tissue
hyaline cartilage (growth plates)
75
how many bones make up the human skeleton?
206
76
what are the 5 functions of bones?
```
support
protection
storage of minerals & triglycerides
blood cell production
movement
```
77
how do you describe synovial joints functionally?
diarthrosis
78
how is osseous tissue arranged in spongy bone?
into an irregular lattice of thin needle-like structures called trabeculae
79
what is a scaphoid fracture?
common carpal bone fracture
80
during muscle contraction what happens after the sarcolemma depolarises and a GP is produced?
GP opens voltage-gate Na+ channels in the sarcolemma
| AP produced
81
what do you call a fracture where a tendon or ligament pulls off a fragment of bone?
avulsion fracture
82
what are bones/do bones lack in patients with osteomalacia & rickets?
poorly mineralised
| lack calcium phosphate crystals
83
what is involved in 'reduction' during fracture treatment?
the realignment of bone ends
84
what are flat bones?
thin, flat & often curved bones
85
what are the 4 tissues that make up bones?
connective
nervous
muscle
epithelial
86
what are the 3 types of cartilage?
hyaline
fibrocartilage
elastic
87
what are the 6 types of synovial joints?
```
pivot
plane
condylar
saddle
hinge
ball & socket
```
88
bones are classified into 4 groups according to what?
shape
89
do fibrous joints have a joint cavity?
no
90
label the synovial joint
91
bone lengthens by appositional growth (true/false)
false - interstitial growth
92
what are myofibrils composed of?
contractile units called sarcomeres
93
what is an open (compound) fracture?
broken bone protrudes through the skin
94
what is a menisci & what are it's 3 functions?
discs of fibrocartilage
stabilise joint
reduce friction
shock absorption
95
what does the axial skeleton include?
bones of the skull, vertebral column & rib cage
96
what type of bones are the tarsals, carpals & patella?
short bones
97
what are the 4 bone shapes
long
short
flat
irregular
98
what are the 4 functions of synovial fluid?
shock absorption
reduces friction
supplies oxygen & nutrients to chondrocytes
removes wastes
99
what is the head of a joint surface?
a rounded expansion at the end of a bone
100
label the thick myofilament
101
label the surface features of the ulna & radius
102
what 5 vitamins & 2 elements affect bone growth & remodelling?
vitamins C, A, D, K & B12
| calcium & phosphate
103
in muscle contraction what happens after the AP stimulates sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release channels to open?
Ca2+ flows into the cytoplasm of the muscle fibre
104
what does articular cartilage do?
covers the ends of each articulating bone
shock absorption
reduces friction
105
what 3 things do osteons consist of?
a central canal
concentric circles of matrix
osteocytes
106
what 3 things occur during bone remodelling in fracture repair?
1. compact bone replaces spongy bone at the bone surface or diaphysis
2. osteoclasts remove excess bone
3. bone returns to normal shape
107
what 2 things do long bones have?
a shaft (diaphysis) & bone ends (epiphysis)
108
label the bones of the shoulder (pectoral) girdle
109
in muscle relaxation what happens when troponin returns to its original shape?
tropomyosin blocks actin active sites
110
what is another name for osteogenesis imperfecta?
brittle bone disease
111
what does the inner synovial membrane of an articular capsule do?
produces synovial fluid
112
do myofibrils extend the entire length of a muscle fibre?
yes
113
label the bone
114
what is a tubercle?
a small rounded projection
115
what is a spine?
a pointed (slender, sharp) projection
116
what do you call a fracture where the bone breaks along the epiphyseal plate?
epiphyseal fracture
117
what are the 6 general features of a synovial joint?
```
articular capsule
joint (synovial) cavity
synovial fluid
articular cartilage
reinforcing ligament
sensory neurons & blood vessels
```
118
label the surface feature of the hip bone
119
where do osteocytes lie in an osteon?
in-between each layer of matrix
120
what do bones do?
they form the body's solid internal framework (skeleton)
121
what 6 movements does a ball & socket joint allow?
flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, circumduction & rotation
122
what are the characteristics of bone in a patient with osteoporosis?
porous, light, fragile & easily fractured
123
label the surface feature of the skull
124
In muscle contraction what happens after an AP is produced produced in the sarcolemma?
AP travels along the length of the sarcolemma
125
what is an example of a saddle joint?
carpometacarpal joint of the thumb
126
what is the first step of events that lead to muscle contraction?
somatic motor output (AP) travels along the axon of a lower motor neuron to the axon terminals
127
what 2 things occur when a bony callus of spongy bone forms?
1. fibrocartilaginous callus is replaced by spongy bone
| 2. bone ends firmly united
128
what are osteoblasts?
bone "building" cells - produce & secrete collagen fibres & ground substance (matrix)
129
what does the endosteum do?
covers spongy bone
130
label the contractile unit of myofibrils
131
label the diagram of fracture repair
132
what is diarthrosis
a freely movable joint
133
what is a greenstick fracture?
bone bends & cracks - incomplete break
134
what are angular movements?
increase or decrease the angle between articulating bones
135
what is the effect of osteoclasts removing old matrix from the inner surface during appositional growth?
enlarges medullary cavity & prevents bones from becoming too heavy
136
label the surface feature of the hip bone
137
label the surface feature of the vertebra
138
what does the periosteum do & what does it contain?
covers compact bone
| contains blood vessels & nerves
139
what is osteogenesis imperfecta?
congenital bone disorder that affects the quantity &/or quality of collagen fibres
140
what are the 5 divisions of the vertebral column & how many vertebrae do they each have?
cervical (7), thoracic (12), lumbar (5), sacrum (5), coccyx (4)
141
where does appositional bone growth occur?
the outer surface of all bones
142
the pubic symphysis is fibrocartilage true/false
true
143
what happens after an AP travels along the axon of a lower motor neuron to the axon terminals in muscle contraction?
voltage-gated Ca2+ channels open & Ca2+ enters the axon terminal
144
what 3 things does bone remodelling do?
1. maintain bone mass & strength
2. replace old matrix with new matrix
3. involved in bone resorption & bone deposition
145
what 3 movements do synovial joints allow?
angular
rotational
special
146
label the surface features of the fibula & tibia
147
label the surface features of the humerus
148
what is a fracture?
any crack or break in a bone
149
what are skeletal muscles innervated by?
lower motor neurons
150
label the skeletal muscle structure
151
what is the perimysium
connective tissue sheath (membrane) that surrounds a bundle (fascicle) of muscle fibres
152
what are joints & what do they do?
they are the sites where 2 or more bones meet
facilitate body movement
153
in muscle contraction what happens after an AP travels along the length of the sarcolemma?
AP travels down the T tubules deep into the muscle fibre
154
what are 3 examples of cartilaginous joints?
first sternocostal joint
pubic symphysis
intervertebral joints
155
who is more susceptible to osteoporosis?
females
156
what is a epicondyle?
a raised area on or above a condyle
157
what is the first stage of muscle relaxation?
ACh within the synaptic cleft if degraded by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE)
158
what are surface features/landmarks?
projections, depressions & openings found on the surface of bones, functions as sites of muscle, tendon or ligament attachment
159
what characteristics do collagen fibres give bone?
flexibility & tensile strength
160
label the surface feature of the femur
161
what causes osteomalacia (adults) & rickets (children)?
caused by insufficient calcium intake or a vit. D deficiency
162
label the long bone
163
in muscle relaxation what happens after ACh is degraded by AChE?
sarcolemma returns to its resting state (RMP)
164
what are irregular bones?
complex shaped bones
165
label the thin myofilament
166
what is a malleolus?
a projection shaped like a hammer head
167
what makes up muscle & epithelial tissue in bones?
blood vessels
168
what are the 2 divisions of the human skeleton?
the axial & appendicular skeleton
169
# fill in the blank:
origin = the ___ point of muscle attachment
the fixed point of muscle attachment
170
is synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis & diarthrosis a functional or structural classification of joints?
functional
171
what 3 things occur when a fibrocartilaginous callus forms?
1. fibroblasts produce collagen fibres
2. chondoblasts produce cartilage
3. fibrocartilaginous callus splints broken bone ends
172
list 4 examples of a hinge joint
elbow, knee, ankle & interphalangeal (finger) joints
173
what are osteocytes?
mature bone cells that maintain the matrix
174
label the special movements of a synovial joint
175
label the bones of the upper limb
176
what type of bones are the sternum, ribs, scapula & skull bones?
flat bones
177
how do you functionally describe cartilaginous joints?
immovable or slightly moveable
178
what are sarcomeres composed of?
contractile proteins called thick & thin myofilaments
179
what do you call a bone fracture where the bone fragments into three or more pieces?
comminuted fracture
180
what 3 things occur during epiphyseal plate closure?
1. the rate of bone formation exceeds the rate of cartilage formation
2. cartilage eventually replaced entirely by bone
3. epiphyseal plate becomes epiphyseal line
181
what is bone resorption?
osteoclasts break down "old" matrix
182
label the muscle fibre
183
what do skeletal muscles do?
contract to bring about body movements
184
what specialised bone cell is this?
osteoprogenitor cell
185
label the bone
186
what is this?
187
what is synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis & diarthrosis classifications based on?
amount of movement of joints
188
# fill in the blank:
bones help maintain homeostatic blood ___ levels
| regulated by ___ hormone & ___
bones help maintain homeostatic blood calcium levels
| regulated by parathyroid hormone & calcitonin
189
each osteon runs perpendicular to the long axis of a bone (true/false)
false - runs parallel
190
what do axon terminals of lower motor neurons form with a muscle fibre?
neuromuscular junction (synapse)
191
in muscle contraction what happens after Ca2+ flows into the cytoplasm of the muscle fibre?
binding of Ca2+ to troponin pulls tropomyosin away from the actin active sites
192
what do muscle tendons do in synovial joints?
stabilise joint
193
what are 2 examples of condylar joints?
metacarpophalangeal (knuckle) & wrist joints
194
what is another name for joints?
articulations
195
label the bones of the pelvic girdle
196
what do you call a fracture caused by a disease that weakens bone structure?
pathological fracture
197
what are osteoclasts?
bone "resorbing" cells that break down the matrix & release stored minerals
198
label the joint (articular) surfaces on the humerus
199
what is a process?
a bony prominence (bump)
200
what is the role of trabeculae in spongy bone?
precisely orientate to resist forces from all directions & transfer weight without breaking
201
label the diagram of fracture repair
202
what does a pivot joint allow?
rotation
203
what is osseous tissue?
connective tissue - contains specialised cells & an extracellular matrix
204
in muscle relaxation what happens after Ca+ release channels in the SR close?
Ca+ ions actively pumped back into the SR
205
what specialised bone cell is this?
osteoblast
206
what are 2 examples of plane joints?
intercarpal & intertarsal joints
207
# fill in the blank:
bones produce ___ ___ cells, ___ ___ cells & ___ (haematopoiesis)
bones produce RBC, WBC & platelets
208
what is the effect of osteoblasts secreting layers of new matrix onto the bone surface during appositional growth?
becomes compact bone & the bone widens
209
describe the connective tissue in fibrous joints
fibrous connective tissue unites articulating bones
210
what are the 2 steps in appositional bone growth?
1. osteoblasts secrete layers of new matrix onto the bone surface
2. in long bones, osteoclasts slowly remove old matrix from inner surface
211
what makes up nervous tissue in bones?
sensory neurons
212
what are bursae & tendon sheaths & what is their function?
bags of synovial fluid
| reduce friction between adjacent joint structures
213
during muscle contraction what happens after ACh binds to nicotinic receptors on the sarcolemma?
ion channels open
influx of Na+ ions
sarcolemma depolarises
GP produced
214
what determines the type of movement allowed by a synovial joint?
shape of the articulating surfaces
215
what are 4 additional structures of a synovial joint?
menisci
muscle tendons
bursae & tendon sheaths
fat pads
216
define synarthrosis
immovable joint
217
during childhood what 2 hormones control bone growth?
growth hormone (GH) & thyroid hormone (TH)
218
the epiphyseal plate is what type of cartilage?
hyaline
219
do cartilaginous joints have a joint cavity?
no
220
label the surface feature of the hip bone
221
what are 2 examples of fibrous joints?
sutures
| tibiofibular joint
222
what 5 movements do saddle joints allow?
flexion, extension, adduction, abduction & circumduction
223
do bones have normal matrix components in osteoporosis patients?
yes, but in reduced amounts
224
what does cartilage do?
| 5
```
supports body structures
connects bones
maintains the shape of body structures
resists compression
has tensile strength
```
225
what do ligaments do?
connect the articulating bones at a joint
226
the site of muscle attachment to a bone can be known as 2 things, list them
the origin or insertion
227
what do tendons do?
connect muscles to bone
228
what is a closed (simple) fracture?
broken bone does not break the skin
229
what do you call a bone fracture where there is a break at the distal end of the radius?
colles fracture
230
what specialised bone cell is this?
osteoclast
231
what connective sheath (membrane) surround each individual muscle fibre?
endomysium
232
what is a tuberosity?
a round roughened projection
233
what breaks the attachment of myosin & actin?
ATP
234
label the diagram of fracture repair
235
in muscle contraction what happens after the AP travels down the T tubules deep into the muscle fibre?
AP stimulates sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release channels open
236
how do you classify a slightly movable joint?
amphiarthrosis
237
what is a pott's fracture?
a break in the medial malleolus of the tibia &/or lateral malleolus of the fibula
238
what type of bone are the humerus & clavicles?
long bone
239
what are the characteristics of bones in osteogenesis imperfecta?
brittle, easily fractured
240
what does the extracellular matrix consist of in osseous tissue?
ground substance, collagen fibres, & calcium phosphate crystals
241
what are fat pads & what are their function?
mass of adipose tissue
| cushion & protect joint structures
242
what are these joints an example of?
synovial joints
243
is there a cure for osteogenesis imperfecta?
no
244
articular cartilage is what type of cartilage?
hyaline
245
what are osteoprogenitor cells?
stem cells that differentiate into osteoblasts
246
what is the function of the bones of the shoulder (pectoral) girdle?
attach the upper limbs to the axial skeleton
247
what is osseous tissue arranged into?
osteons
248
what does a reinforcing ligament do in a synovial joint?
stabilises joint
249
what is the musculoskeletal system comprised of?
| 6
bones, skeletal muscles, tendons, joints, ligaments, & cartilage
250
what goes the tough outer fibrous layer of an articular capsule do?
stabilises articulating bones
251
label the bones of the lower limb
252
based on connective tissue that connects the articulating bones & the presence/absence of a joint cavity, what can joints be structurally classified as?
fibrous
cartilaginous
synovial
253
list 2 examples of minerals that bones store
calcium
| phosphate
254
during adolescence what 3 hormones are required in males & what 3 hormones are required in females?
growth hormone (GH), thyroid hormone (TH), testosterone (males) & oestrogen (females)
255
describe the cartilage in synovial joints
articulating bone ends are covered in articular cartilage
256
label the 6 general features of a synovial joint
257
what 3 things occur when a haematoma forms?
1. torn blood vessels haemorrhage
2. clot forms
3. site swollen & sore
258
what are the 4 major stages of fracture repair?
1. haematoma forms
2. fibrocartilaginous callus forms
3. bony callus of spongy bone forms
4. bone remodelling
259
what type of cartilage is the intervertebral disc?
fibrocartilage
260
what connective tissue sheath (membrane) surrounds the entire skeletal muscle?
epimysium
