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NUR1114 bioscience > week 3: urinary system > Flashcards

week 3: urinary system Flashcards

1
Q

what 4 things does the renal system consist of?

A

kidneys
ureters
urinary bladder
urethra

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2
Q

what is the missing label?

A

kidney

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3
Q

what is the missing label?

A

ureter

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4
Q

what is the missing label?

A

urinary bladder

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5
Q

what is the missing label?

A

urethra

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6
Q

where are the kidneys located?

A

superior lumbar region
against posterior abdominal wall

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7
Q

what type of organs are the kidneys?

A

retro-peritoneal

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8
Q

what membranes are the kidneys located behind?

A

peritoneal

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9
Q

what are the kidneys protected by?

A

fibrous connective tissue capsule
layer of perirenal fat

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10
Q

what are renal arteries derived from?

A

branches of the abdominal aorta

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11
Q

blood from the kidneys drain through veins into what?

A

inferior vena cava

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12
Q

what is the missing label?

A

peritoneum

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13
Q

what are the missing labels?

A

renal vein (top)
renal artery (bottom)

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14
Q

what are the missing labels?

A

inferior vena cava (top)
aorta (bottom)

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15
Q

what are the missing labels of the supportive tissue layers?

A

(top down)

renal fascia
- anterior
- posterior
perirenal fat capsule
fibrous capsule

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16
Q

label the cavity

A

peritoneal

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17
Q

what 3 things do the kidneys regulate?

A

fluid & electrolyte balance
pH
erythropoiesis

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18
Q

how do the kidneys regulate pH?

A

conserving or eliminating H+ & bicarbonate ion HCO3-

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19
Q

how do the kidneys regulate erythropoises?

A

produces the hormone erythropoietin for stimulation of RBC production

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20
Q

what are the kidneys 2 metabolic functions?

A

activating vit. D
production of new glucose through gluconeogenesis when fasting/starving

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21
Q

what do the kidneys excrete?

A

metabolic wastes & foreign substances
e.g., nitrogenous wastes (urea & creatinine), drugs

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22
Q

what 2 ways do the kidneys maintain BP?

A

control of BV
production of renin

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23
Q

what are the 3 regions of the kidneys?

A

renal cortex
renal medulla
renal pelvis

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24
Q

what region is the renal cortex & what does it contain?

A

outer region
cortical nephrons

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25
Q

what does the renal medulla contain?

A

cone shaped tissues called renal pyramids

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26
Q

what shape is the renal pelvis & what is it continuous with?

A

funnel shape
ureter

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27
Q

what does the renal pelvis do?

A

drains papillae into minor calyces, then into major calyces

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28
Q

what are the 3 missing labels?

A

(top to bottom)
renal cortex
renal medulla
renal pelvis

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29
Q

top to bottom what are the 2 missing labels?

A

major calyx
minor calyx

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30
Q

top to bottom what are the 2 missing labels?

A

papilla of pyramid
renal pyramid in renal medulla

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31
Q

what is the missing label?

A

ureter

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32
Q

what is the missing label?

A

renal column

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33
Q

what is the missing label?

A

fibrous capsule

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34
Q

what 2 things does a nephron consist of?

A

renal corpuscle
renal tubule

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35
Q

what 3 things does the renal tubule consist of?

A

proximal tubule PT (proximal convoluted tubule)
nephron loop (loop of Henle)
distal tubule DT (distal convoluted tubule)

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36
Q

what is the renal corpuscle composed of?

A

glomerulus
glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule

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37
Q

what is the glomerulus composed of?

A

tight collection of capillaries

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38
Q

what does the nephron drain into?

A

collecting duct CD

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39
Q

what is the renal corpuscle specialised for?

A

filtration

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40
Q

what occurs at the renal tubule?

A

reabsorption & secretion

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41
Q

what is the missing label?

A

renal corpuscle

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42
Q

what is the missing label?

A

distal tubule

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43
Q

what is the missing label?

A

proximal tubule

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44
Q

what is the missing label?

A

nephron loop

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45
Q

what is the missing label?

A

collecting duct

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46
Q

what is the missing label?

A

renal cortex

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47
Q

what is the missing label?

A

renal medulla

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48
Q

what are nephrons?

A

urine forming units of the kidneys

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49
Q

how many nephrons are there per kidney?

A

around 1 million

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50
Q

what are the 2 types of nephrons?

A

cortical nephrons
juxtamedullary nephrons

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51
Q

where are cortical nephrons found?

A

renal cortex

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52
Q

where does the nephron loop of juxtamedullary nephrons descend into?

A

deep into renal medulla

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53
Q

what % of nephrons are cortical nephrons?

A

85%

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54
Q

what % of nephrons are juxtamedullary nephrons?

A

15%

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55
Q

what are juxtamedullary nephrons important for?

A

forming concentrated urine

56
Q

what type of nephron is this?

A

cortical

57
Q

what type of nephron is this?

A

juxtamedullary

58
Q

what is the artery & vein in the renal cortex?

A

arcuate artery
arcuate vein

59
Q

name the capillaries

A

peritubular

60
Q

name the capillaries

A

glomerular

61
Q

name the arterioles

A

top left: efferent
top right: afferent

right top: efferent
right bottom: afferent

62
Q

what is the missing label?

A

vasa recta

63
Q

what is the vein & artery?

A

interlobular

64
Q

how much renal blood do the kidneys process in mls/min?

A

1200

65
Q

what % of cardiac output do the kidneys process?

A

20-25

66
Q

where does blood enter & exit the kidney?

A

renal artery
renal vein

67
Q

where does blood enter & exit the glomerulus?

A

afferent arteriole
efferent arteriole

68
Q

where does the efferent arteriole feed into?

A

peritubular capillaries

69
Q

label 1. & 13. on the diagram

A
  1. renal artery
  2. renal vein
70
Q

label number 2. on the diagram

A

segmental artery

71
Q

put the following in order of blood flow through the kidneys:

renal artery
renal vein
segmental artery
interlobar artery
interlobar vein
afferent arteriole
efferent arteriole
glomerulus
peritubular capillaries
interlobular artery
interlobular vein
arcuate artery
arcuate vein

A
  1. renal artery
  2. segmental artery
  3. interlobar artery
  4. arcuate artery
  5. interlobular artery
  6. afferent arteriole
  7. glomerulus
  8. efferent arteriole
  9. peritubular capillaries
  10. interlobular vein
  11. arcuate vein
  12. interlobar vein
  13. renal vein
72
Q

what is the glomerular capillaries specialised for?

A

filtration

73
Q

what is filtration in the glomerular capillaries driven by?

A

BP (high BP w/in glomerulus)

74
Q

is pressure high or low in the peritubular capillaries and are they porous or non-porous?

A

low
highly porous

75
Q

what is the vasa recta important for?

A

forming concentrated urine

76
Q

is glomerular filtration passive or active?

A

passive

77
Q

what does glomerular filtration filtrate?

A

plasma-proteins
RBCs

78
Q

is tubular reabsorption passive or active?

A

can be passive or active

79
Q

is tubular secretion active or passive?

A

active

80
Q

what is reabsorbed from the filtrate & returned to the blood during tubular reabsorption?

A

fluid & solutes

81
Q

where are substances secreted from & into during tubular secretion?

A

from blood into filtrate

82
Q

what is the equation for urine production?

A

filtration + secretion - reabsorption

83
Q

what are glomerular capillaries?

A

fenestrated endothelium

84
Q

what does the basement membrane of the glomerulus consist of?

A

thin gel-like membrane between the 2 cellular layers

85
Q

what charge is the basement membrane of the glomerulus?

A

-ve

86
Q

what does the podocytes of the glomerulus consist of?

A

thin epithelium

87
Q

what do podocytes form?

A

cellular sheets w/ many filtration slits

88
Q

what 3 things does the filtration membrane of the glomerulus consist of?

A

glomerular capillaries
basement membrane
foot processes of podocyte (of glomerular capsule)

89
Q

during glomerular filtration what is the filtration of solutes from blood determined by?

A

size & charge

90
Q

what are blocked (remain in blood) during glomerular filtration?

A

larger molecules including RBCs & large proteins

91
Q

what is repelled by the basement membrane during glomerular filtration?

A

-ve charged particles including most proteins

92
Q

what does glomerular filtration of the blood into the glomerular capsule allow free passage of?

A

water & most solutes

93
Q

give 6 examples of solutes that have free passage during glomerular filtration

A

ions
glucose
aa
small proteins
vitamins
nitrogenous wastes

94
Q

what drives glomerular filtration?

A

glomerular hydrostatic pressure

95
Q

what is glomerular filtration a result of?

A

positive net filtration pressure

96
Q

what are 3 forces that determine glomerular filtration pressure?

A

glomerular hydrostatic pressure
glomerular colloid osmotic pressure
capsular hydrostatic pressure

97
Q

what is the equation for net filtration pressure during glomerular filtration?

A

NFP = GHP - (GCOP + CHP)

GHP = glomerular hydrostatic pressure
GCOP = glomerular colloid osmotic pressure
CHP = capsular hydrostatic pressure

98
Q

what is the net filtration pressure during glomerular filtration?

A

10 mmHg

99
Q

what is glomerular hydrostatic pressure?

A

BP in glomerular capillaries

100
Q

what is glomerular colloid osmotic pressure?

A

osmotic pressure exerted by plasma-proteins in glomerular capillaries

101
Q

what is capsular hydrostatic pressure?

A

fluid pressure exerted by filtrate in capsular space

102
Q

what is the smallest force opposing glomerular filtration?

A

capsular hydrostatic pressure

103
Q

what is the glomerular filtration rate?

A

total volume of filtrate formed each minute

104
Q

what is the GFR in a healthy person in mL/min & L/day?

A

120-125 mL/min
180L/day

105
Q

what does the GFR determine?

A

how quickly blood is cleansed of metabolic waste

106
Q

what does GFR effect?

A

tubular reabsorption & secretion therefore, the kidneys ability to maintain homeostasis in the body

107
Q

what are 3 factors that effect GFR?

A

net filtration pressure
total SA available for filtration
filtration membrane permeability

108
Q

what is the equation for GFR?

A

GFR = NFP x SA x PERM

NFP = net filtration pressure

109
Q

when does tubular reabsorption commence?

A

when filtrate enters PT

110
Q

is the entire renal tubule involved in reabsorption?

A

yes

111
Q

what are 4 substances reclaimed during tubular reabsorption?

A

water
glucose
aa
electrolytes

112
Q

what carries out most of tubular reabsorption?

A

PT

113
Q

what are the most abundant cations in the filtrate during tubular reabsorption?

A

Na+

114
Q

finish the sentence:

usually all glucose & amino acids are absorbed before -

A

the nephron loop

115
Q

what does the movement of sodium & other ions during tubular reabsorption create?

A

concentration gradient

116
Q

during tubular reabsorption what does H2O move by & into?

A

osmosis into peritubular capillaries

117
Q

what can diabetes mellitus cause?

A

osmotic diuresis

118
Q

what will high concentration of glucose in blood & filtrate cause?

A

transporters to become saturated, tubular reabsorption inhibited

119
Q

where is tubular reabsorption in the PT primarily?

A

ascending limb

120
Q

where is water more readily reabsorbed along in the PT during tubular reabsorption?

A

descending limb

121
Q

finish the sentence:

most filtered H2) & solutes reabsorbed prior to -

A

distal tubule

122
Q

what 3 hormones are able to fine tune reabsorption at DT & CD?

A

ADH
aldosterone
atrial natriuetric peptide (ANP)

123
Q

what does ADH stimulate the insertion of?

A

aquaporins into apical membranes of CD

124
Q

what does aldosterone stimulate cells in DT (primarily) & CD to reabsorb?

A

more Na+

125
Q

what does atrial natriuretric peptide ANP inhibit the reabsorption of in the DT & CD?

A

Na+

126
Q

where does tubular secretion occur & where is it most active?

A

tubule
PT

127
Q

tubular secretion is important for the removal of unwanted substances such as:

A

drugs not already in filtrate
metabolites that have been passively reabsorbed

128
Q

give 3 examples of metabolites that tubular secretion moves from blood into filtrate

A

urea
uric acid
creatinine

129
Q

what does tubular secretion eliminate the excess of?

A

K+

130
Q

how does tubular secretion maintain blood pH?

A

removal of H+, organic acids or bases (e.g., HCO3-)

131
Q

what is the excreted urine volume in L/day?

A

1-2

132
Q

what type of regulation if renal autoregulation?

A

intrinsic regulation

133
Q

what does renal autoregulation modify?

A

hydrostatic pressure of glomerular capillaries

134
Q

at what mean arterial pressure does renal autoregulation operation within?

A

80-180mmHg

135
Q

what does renal autoregulation protect?

A

glomerulus from damage at high BP

136
Q

what does renal autoregulation ensure?

A

kidneys still receive sufficient blood flow

NUR1114 bioscience (7 decks)

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