week 3: urinary system Flashcards
1
Q
what 4 things does the renal system consist of?
A
kidneys
ureters
urinary bladder
urethra
2
Q
what is the missing label?
A
kidney
3
Q
what is the missing label?
A
ureter
4
Q
what is the missing label?
A
urinary bladder
5
Q
what is the missing label?
A
urethra
6
Q
where are the kidneys located?
A
superior lumbar region
against posterior abdominal wall
7
Q
what type of organs are the kidneys?
A
retro-peritoneal
8
Q
what membranes are the kidneys located behind?
A
peritoneal
9
Q
what are the kidneys protected by?
A
fibrous connective tissue capsule
layer of perirenal fat
10
Q
what are renal arteries derived from?
A
branches of the abdominal aorta
11
Q
blood from the kidneys drain through veins into what?
A
inferior vena cava
12
Q
what is the missing label?
A
peritoneum
13
Q
what are the missing labels?
A
renal vein (top)
renal artery (bottom)
14
Q
what are the missing labels?
A
inferior vena cava (top)
aorta (bottom)
15
Q
what are the missing labels of the supportive tissue layers?
A
(top down)
renal fascia
- anterior
- posterior
perirenal fat capsule
fibrous capsule
16
Q
label the cavity
A
peritoneal
17
Q
what 3 things do the kidneys regulate?
A
fluid & electrolyte balance
pH
erythropoiesis
18
Q
how do the kidneys regulate pH?
A
conserving or eliminating H+ & bicarbonate ion HCO3-
19
Q
how do the kidneys regulate erythropoises?
A
produces the hormone erythropoietin for stimulation of RBC production
20
Q
what are the kidneys 2 metabolic functions?
A
activating vit. D
production of new glucose through gluconeogenesis when fasting/starving
21
Q
what do the kidneys excrete?
A
metabolic wastes & foreign substances
e.g., nitrogenous wastes (urea & creatinine), drugs
22
Q
what 2 ways do the kidneys maintain BP?
A
control of BV
production of renin
23
Q
what are the 3 regions of the kidneys?
A
renal cortex
renal medulla
renal pelvis
24
Q
what region is the renal cortex & what does it contain?
A
outer region
cortical nephrons
25
what does the renal medulla contain?
cone shaped tissues called renal pyramids
26
what shape is the renal pelvis & what is it continuous with?
funnel shape
ureter
27
what does the renal pelvis do?
drains papillae into minor calyces, then into major calyces
28
what are the 3 missing labels?
(top to bottom)
renal cortex
renal medulla
renal pelvis
29
top to bottom what are the 2 missing labels?
major calyx
minor calyx
30
top to bottom what are the 2 missing labels?
papilla of pyramid
renal pyramid in renal medulla
31
what is the missing label?
ureter
32
what is the missing label?
renal column
33
what is the missing label?
fibrous capsule
34
what 2 things does a nephron consist of?
renal corpuscle
renal tubule
35
what 3 things does the renal tubule consist of?
proximal tubule PT (proximal convoluted tubule)
nephron loop (loop of Henle)
distal tubule DT (distal convoluted tubule)
36
what is the renal corpuscle composed of?
glomerulus
glomerular (Bowman's) capsule
37
what is the glomerulus composed of?
tight collection of capillaries
38
what does the nephron drain into?
collecting duct CD
39
what is the renal corpuscle specialised for?
filtration
40
what occurs at the renal tubule?
reabsorption & secretion
41
what is the missing label?
renal corpuscle
42
what is the missing label?
distal tubule
43
what is the missing label?
proximal tubule
44
what is the missing label?
nephron loop
45
what is the missing label?
collecting duct
46
what is the missing label?
renal cortex
47
what is the missing label?
renal medulla
48
what are nephrons?
urine forming units of the kidneys
49
how many nephrons are there per kidney?
around 1 million
50
what are the 2 types of nephrons?
cortical nephrons
juxtamedullary nephrons
51
where are cortical nephrons found?
renal cortex
52
where does the nephron loop of juxtamedullary nephrons descend into?
deep into renal medulla
53
what % of nephrons are cortical nephrons?
85%
54
what % of nephrons are juxtamedullary nephrons?
15%
55
what are juxtamedullary nephrons important for?
forming concentrated urine
56
what type of nephron is this?
cortical
57
what type of nephron is this?
juxtamedullary
58
what is the artery & vein in the renal cortex?
arcuate artery
arcuate vein
59
name the capillaries
peritubular
60
name the capillaries
glomerular
61
name the arterioles
top left: efferent
top right: afferent
right top: efferent
right bottom: afferent
62
what is the missing label?
vasa recta
63
what is the vein & artery?
interlobular
64
how much renal blood do the kidneys process in mls/min?
1200
65
what % of cardiac output do the kidneys process?
20-25
66
where does blood enter & exit the kidney?
renal artery
renal vein
67
where does blood enter & exit the glomerulus?
afferent arteriole
efferent arteriole
68
where does the efferent arteriole feed into?
peritubular capillaries
69
label 1. & 13. on the diagram
1. renal artery
13. renal vein
70
label number 2. on the diagram
segmental artery
71
put the following in order of blood flow through the kidneys:
renal artery
renal vein
segmental artery
interlobar artery
interlobar vein
afferent arteriole
efferent arteriole
glomerulus
peritubular capillaries
interlobular artery
interlobular vein
arcuate artery
arcuate vein
1. renal artery
2. segmental artery
3. interlobar artery
4. arcuate artery
5. interlobular artery
6. afferent arteriole
7. glomerulus
8. efferent arteriole
9. peritubular capillaries
10. interlobular vein
11. arcuate vein
12. interlobar vein
13. renal vein
72
what is the glomerular capillaries specialised for?
filtration
73
what is filtration in the glomerular capillaries driven by?
BP (high BP w/in glomerulus)
74
is pressure high or low in the peritubular capillaries and are they porous or non-porous?
low
highly porous
75
what is the vasa recta important for?
forming concentrated urine
76
is glomerular filtration passive or active?
passive
77
what does glomerular filtration filtrate?
plasma-proteins
RBCs
78
is tubular reabsorption passive or active?
can be passive or active
79
is tubular secretion active or passive?
active
80
what is reabsorbed from the filtrate & returned to the blood during tubular reabsorption?
fluid & solutes
81
where are substances secreted from & into during tubular secretion?
from blood into filtrate
82
what is the equation for urine production?
filtration + secretion - reabsorption
83
what are glomerular capillaries?
fenestrated endothelium
84
what does the basement membrane of the glomerulus consist of?
thin gel-like membrane between the 2 cellular layers
85
what charge is the basement membrane of the glomerulus?
-ve
86
what does the podocytes of the glomerulus consist of?
thin epithelium
87
what do podocytes form?
cellular sheets w/ many filtration slits
88
what 3 things does the filtration membrane of the glomerulus consist of?
glomerular capillaries
basement membrane
foot processes of podocyte (of glomerular capsule)
89
during glomerular filtration what is the filtration of solutes from blood determined by?
size & charge
90
what are blocked (remain in blood) during glomerular filtration?
larger molecules including RBCs & large proteins
91
what is repelled by the basement membrane during glomerular filtration?
-ve charged particles including most proteins
92
what does glomerular filtration of the blood into the glomerular capsule allow free passage of?
water & most solutes
93
give 6 examples of solutes that have free passage during glomerular filtration
ions
glucose
aa
small proteins
vitamins
nitrogenous wastes
94
what drives glomerular filtration?
glomerular hydrostatic pressure
95
what is glomerular filtration a result of?
positive net filtration pressure
96
what are 3 forces that determine glomerular filtration pressure?
glomerular hydrostatic pressure
glomerular colloid osmotic pressure
capsular hydrostatic pressure
97
what is the equation for net filtration pressure during glomerular filtration?
NFP = GHP - (GCOP + CHP)
GHP = glomerular hydrostatic pressure
GCOP = glomerular colloid osmotic pressure
CHP = capsular hydrostatic pressure
98
what is the net filtration pressure during glomerular filtration?
10 mmHg
99
what is glomerular hydrostatic pressure?
BP in glomerular capillaries
100
what is glomerular colloid osmotic pressure?
osmotic pressure exerted by plasma-proteins in glomerular capillaries
101
what is capsular hydrostatic pressure?
fluid pressure exerted by filtrate in capsular space
102
what is the smallest force opposing glomerular filtration?
capsular hydrostatic pressure
103
what is the glomerular filtration rate?
total volume of filtrate formed each minute
104
what is the GFR in a healthy person in mL/min & L/day?
120-125 mL/min
180L/day
105
what does the GFR determine?
how quickly blood is cleansed of metabolic waste
106
what does GFR effect?
tubular reabsorption & secretion therefore, the kidneys ability to maintain homeostasis in the body
107
what are 3 factors that effect GFR?
net filtration pressure
total SA available for filtration
filtration membrane permeability
108
what is the equation for GFR?
GFR = NFP x SA x PERM
NFP = net filtration pressure
109
when does tubular reabsorption commence?
when filtrate enters PT
110
is the entire renal tubule involved in reabsorption?
yes
111
what are 4 substances reclaimed during tubular reabsorption?
water
glucose
aa
electrolytes
112
what carries out most of tubular reabsorption?
PT
113
what are the most abundant cations in the filtrate during tubular reabsorption?
Na+
114
finish the sentence:
usually all glucose & amino acids are absorbed before -
the nephron loop
115
what does the movement of sodium & other ions during tubular reabsorption create?
concentration gradient
116
during tubular reabsorption what does H2O move by & into?
osmosis into peritubular capillaries
117
what can diabetes mellitus cause?
osmotic diuresis
118
what will high concentration of glucose in blood & filtrate cause?
transporters to become saturated, tubular reabsorption inhibited
119
where is tubular reabsorption in the PT primarily?
ascending limb
120
where is water more readily reabsorbed along in the PT during tubular reabsorption?
descending limb
121
finish the sentence:
most filtered H2) & solutes reabsorbed prior to -
distal tubule
122
what 3 hormones are able to fine tune reabsorption at DT & CD?
ADH
aldosterone
atrial natriuetric peptide (ANP)
123
what does ADH stimulate the insertion of?
aquaporins into apical membranes of CD
124
what does aldosterone stimulate cells in DT (primarily) & CD to reabsorb?
more Na+
125
what does atrial natriuretric peptide ANP inhibit the reabsorption of in the DT & CD?
Na+
126
where does tubular secretion occur & where is it most active?
tubule
PT
127
tubular secretion is important for the removal of unwanted substances such as:
drugs not already in filtrate
metabolites that have been passively reabsorbed
128
give 3 examples of metabolites that tubular secretion moves from blood into filtrate
urea
uric acid
creatinine
129
what does tubular secretion eliminate the excess of?
K+
130
how does tubular secretion maintain blood pH?
removal of H+, organic acids or bases (e.g., HCO3-)
131
what is the excreted urine volume in L/day?
1-2
132
what type of regulation if renal autoregulation?
intrinsic regulation
133
what does renal autoregulation modify?
hydrostatic pressure of glomerular capillaries
134
at what mean arterial pressure does renal autoregulation operation within?
80-180mmHg
135
what does renal autoregulation protect?
glomerulus from damage at high BP
136
what does renal autoregulation ensure?
kidneys still receive sufficient blood flow
