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NUR1114 bioscience > week 2: endocrine system > Flashcards

week 2: endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

what does ADH stimulate the kidneys to do?

A

reabsorb water from urine back into blood

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2
Q

what does adrenaline & noradrenaline do to the blood vessels supplying the skin, digestive organs & kidneys?

A

constricts them

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3
Q

what does GnRH stimulate?

A

secretion of FSH & LH from the anterior pituitary

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4
Q

what does BMR stand for?

A

basal metabolic rate

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5
Q

what is the 3rd most common endocrine disorder?

A

hyperparathyroidism

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6
Q

what is PTH secreted by?

A

parathyroid glands

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7
Q

what are the 3 types of stimuli that trigger endocrine glands to secrete their hormone(s)?

A

hormonal
humoral
neural

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8
Q

what are 5 effects a hormone may have?

A

activating or deactivating enzymes

changing the permeability of the PM by opening or closing ion channels

stimulating protein synthesis

inducing cell secretory activity

stimulating sell division

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9
Q

what does the HPT axis stand for?

A

hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis

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10
Q

how do cells use the glucose, amino acids & fatty acids stimulated by cortisol?

A

produce ATP required to resist many forms of stress

e.g., physical/emotional traumas - fright, excitement, surgery, exercise, bleeding, starvation

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11
Q

what 3 things can hypocalcaemia affect?

A

blood clotting
neural communication
muscle contraction (skeletal, cardiac & smooth)

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12
Q

what are the 3 interactions needed to secrete TH?

A
  • -> hypothalamus secretes TRH
  • -> TRH stimulates secretion of TSH from anterior pituitary
  • -> TSH stimulates secretion of TH from thyroid gland
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13
Q

why does testosterone target the testes?

A

to stimulate sperm production (spermatogenesis)

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14
Q

what can diabetes insipidus be caused by?

A

a blow to the head –> damages the hypothalamus or posterior pituitary

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15
Q

what 4 things may occur with the hypersecretion of aldosterone?

A

high BP
oedema
hypernatremia
hypokalaemia

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16
Q

what is another name for GHIH?

A

somatostatin

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17
Q

what does TSH stand for?

A

thyroid-stimulating hormone

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18
Q

what 6 things does TH do?

A 
increases BMR
increases body heat production
increases HR
increases force of contraction
promotes growth of muscles & bones
promotes NS development
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19
Q

what 2 things stimulate aldosterone secretion?

A

increase in blood K+ levels

angiotensin II

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20
Q

what 3 things do individuals with hyperglycaemia often suffer from?

A

polyuria (large urine output)
polydipsia (excessive thirst)
polyphagia (excessive hunger)

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21
Q

what is a hormonal stimulus?

A

one hormone stimulates the secretion of another

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22
Q

apart from restoring Na+ levels what are 2 other functions of ADH?

A

increase BV

increase BP

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23
Q

what are 4 hypothalamic releasing hormones?

A

thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)
gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

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24
Q

label part of the endocrine system

A
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25
Q

what 2 hormones does the posterior pituitary secrete?

A

ADH & oxytocin

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26
Q

what do parathyroid glands produce & secrete?

A

PTH

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27
Q

what is a synthetic form of cortisol?

A

corticosteroids

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28
Q

in the testes what does FSH regulate?

A

sperm production

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29
Q

who are corticosteroids prescribed to?

A

organ transplant recipients

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30
Q

in the testes what does LH stimulate?

A

production & secretion of testosterone

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31
Q

what does cortisol suppress?

A

functions of the immune system

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32
Q

what does hypersecretion of PTH in hyperparathyroidism lead to?

A
  • -> excessive resorption of bone matrix (via osteoclasts)
  • -> release of stored calcium into blood
  • -> loss of calcium from bone matrix
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33
Q

in type 1 DM why is there inadequate insulin production?

A

destruction of pancreatic beta cells by body’s own immune system (autoimmune disease)

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34
Q

what is calcitonin secreted by?

A

parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland

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35
Q

label part of the endocrine system

A
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36
Q

what is T4?

A

thyroxine

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37
Q

what is hypocalcaemia?

A

low blood Ca2+ levels

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38
Q

what can hypokalaemia affect?

A

normal functioning of the nervous & musculoskeletal systems

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39
Q

what is the secretion of adrenaline & noradrenaline controlled by?

A

sympathetic NS

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40
Q

what may be prescribed to patients with chronic inflammatory disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis?

A

corticosteroids

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41
Q

together with oestrogen what does progesterone regulate?

A

menstrual cycle

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42
Q

how does high BP, oedema & hypernatremia occur with the hypersecretion of aldosterone?

A

due to Na+ & fluid retention

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43
Q

what does TRH stand for?

A

thyrotropin-releasing hormone

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44
Q

how due releasing or inhibiting hormones reach the anterior pituitary?

A

hypophyseal portal system

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45
Q

what type hormone is cortisol?

A

metabolic

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46
Q

what does ACTH target & stimulate?

A

adrenal cortex

secretion of cortisol (from adrenal cortex)

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47
Q

what is a humoral stimulus?

what are 4 examples?

A

changes in ion or nutrient blood levels

glucose, Ca2+, Na+, K+

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48
Q

what do LH & FSH target?

A

male & female gonads

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49
Q

is the posterior pituitary a down growth of the hypothalamus?

A

yes

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50
Q

if a patient is unconscious following a head injury what should you monitor carefully?

A

urine output

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51
Q

in adults what leads to acromegaly?

A

hypersecretion of GH

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52
Q

can amino acid-based hormones be single amino acids, peptides or proteins?

A

yes

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53
Q

when is EPO secreted?

A

blood oxygen level drops below normal range

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54
Q

when is PTH secreted?

A

blood Ca2+ levels decrease below normal range

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55
Q

the secretion of TH involves the interaction of how many endocrine glands?

A

3

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56
Q

what does cortisol help with?

A

resisting stressors

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57
Q

what is the series of interactions between 3 endocrine glands to secrete TH known as?

A

HPT axis

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58
Q

what does GH stimulate

A

secretion of IGFs

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59
Q

what 2 things can diabetes insipidus lead to?

A

dehydration & extreme thirst (polydipsia)

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60
Q

what is ADH also commonly known as?

A

vasopressin

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61
Q

what is the thyroid gland composed of?

A

thyroid follicles & parafollicular cells

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62
Q

what does CRH stimulate?

A

secretion of ACTH from anterior pituitary

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63
Q

what is primary target of ADH?

A

kidneys

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64
Q

list 4 things that hormones target cell activity to do

A

control the rate of chemical (metabolic) reactions

facilitate the transportation of substances into & out of cells

regulate fluid & electrolyte balance, BP, reproductive functions, development & growth

maintain homeostasis

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65
Q

what are hormones produced and secreted by?

A

various endocrine glands throughout the body

endocrine cells in:
kidneys
stomach
heart

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66
Q

what does PTH stand for?

A

parathyroid hormone

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67
Q

what are IGFs?

A

insulin-like growth factors

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68
Q

how can hypoparathyroidism occur?

A

parathyroid gland trauma

parathyroid gland removal during thyroid surgery

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69
Q

how does TH increase HR & force of contraction

A

increases number of beta-adrenergic receptors on cardiac muscle cells

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70
Q

what does the adrenal medulla produce & secrete?

A

adrenaline

noradrenaline

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71
Q

what do the beta cells of the islets of the pancreas produce & secrete?

A

insulin

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72
Q

what are steroid hormones made from?

A

cholesterol

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73
Q

besides promoting the growth & maturation of male reproductive organs what does testosterone promote?

A

development of male secondary sex characteristics

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74
Q

how does cortisol increase fatty acids?

A

targets adipose tissue & stimulates the breakdown of stored fat (triglycerides) into fatty acids

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75
Q

what does calcitonin target?

A

bone

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76
Q

what doe IGFs stimulate?

A

actions required for growth i.e., cell division & protein synthesis

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77
Q

what do axons of neurons within the hypothalamus form?

A

the hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract

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78
Q

are corticosteroids prescribed to patients with autoimmune disorders?

A

yes

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79
Q

what hormone-producing cells do the islets of the pancreas contain?

A

beta cells

alpha cells

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80
Q

what are the 2 endocrine glands of the adrenal gland?

A 
adrenal cortex (outer)
adrenal medulla (inner)
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81
Q

what does TH stand for?

A

thyroid hormones

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82
Q

what do parafollicular cells produce & secrete?

A

hormone calcitonin

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83
Q

what does PIH stand for?

A

prolactin-inhibiting hormone

84
Q

where are parathyroid glands located?

A

posterior surface of thyroid gland

85
Q

what are parathyroid glands?

A

tiny masses of glandular tissue

86
Q

low BMR, HR, BP, cold intolerance, muscle weakness & weight gain all result from what?

A

hyposecretion of TH during adult years

87
Q

what does GHRH stimulate?

A

secretion of GH

88
Q

EPO is produced & secreted by cells in what location?

A

kidneys

89
Q

adrenaline & noradrenaline increases digestive & urinary functions (true/false)

A

false - decrease

90
Q

what 5 things may result from the hypersecretion of TH?

A 
increased BMR
increase body temperature (heat intolerance)
rapid HR
high BP
weight loss
91
Q

what is hypoxemia?

A

blood oxygen level drops below normal range

92
Q

in the ovaries what 2 things does FSH stimulate?

A

development of oocyte (egg) containing follicles

production & secretion of oestrogen

93
Q

how does adrenaline & noradrenaline increase respiratory airflow?

A

dilate bronchioles

94
Q

how does cortisol increase blood glucose?

A

stimulates the liver to produce glucose from amino acids & glycerol (gluconeogenesis)

95
Q

what are 2 hypothalamic inhibiting hormones?

A

growth hormone-inhibiting hormone

prolactin-inhibiting hormone

96
Q

what does the adrenal cortex produce & secrete?

A

glucocorticoids (primarily cortisol)

mineralocorticoids (primarily aldosterone)

97
Q

what is the main action of adrenaline & noradrenaline?

A

enhance & prolong the fight-or-flight response

98
Q

what does GHIH stand for?

A

growth hormone-inhibiting hormone

99
Q

what does EPO stand for?

A

erythropoietin

100
Q

label the pancreas

A
101
Q

how does aldosterone maintain blood K+ & Na+ levels?

A

stimulating the kidneys to:
remove more K+ from the blood
return more Na+ back into the blood

102
Q

when is insulin secreted?

A

blood glucose levels increase above normal range

103
Q

what does TRH stimulate the secretion of?

A

TSH from the anterior pituitary

104
Q

what is T3?

A

triiodothyronine

105
Q

what does the hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract do?

A

transport ADH & oxytocin through the infundibulum to the posterior pituitary

106
Q

what does aldosterone primarily do?

A

maintain blood K+ & Na+ levels

107
Q

what 3 things does oestrogen promote?

A

female reproductive organ growth & maturation
uterus regulation of menstrual cycle
development of female secondary sex characteristics

108
Q

what are the 2 basic types of hormones according to their chemical structure?

A

steroid

amino acid-based

109
Q

where do amino acid-based hormones bind?

A

to receptors embedded in the PM - PM receptors

110
Q

how does aldosterone remove more K+ from the blood?

A

increases the secretion of K+ from blood into the urine being formed

111
Q

what does GnRH stand for?

A

gonadotropin-releasing hormone

112
Q

where is ADH & oxytocin produced?

A

the cell bodies of neurons within the hypothalamus

113
Q

when is ADH secreted?

A

blood Na+ levels increase above the normal range
&/or
BV & BP decrease below normal range

114
Q

what 3 things can hypokalaemia result in?

A

muscle weakness
muscle paralysis
abnormal heart rhythms

115
Q

what does placing the infant at the mother’s breast after childbirth help do?

A

expel the placenta

return uterus back to its smaller size

116
Q

in the ovaries what 2 things does LH stimulate?

A

ovulation

production & secretion of progesterone (mainly) & oestrogen

117
Q

what does PRL stand for?

A

prolactin

118
Q

by promoting the development of female secondary sex characteristics what 3 things does oestrogen target?

A

the breasts to promote growth/enlargement

bone to promote growth & feminisation of skeleton (hip widening)

adipose tissue to increase fat storage

119
Q

what is a neural stimulus?

A

signals from the nervous system

120
Q

what is hyperparathyroidism often caused by?

A

parathyroid gland tumour

121
Q

what 3 things does PTH stimulate to increase blood Ca2+?

A

osteoclasts
kidneys to return more Ca2+ to the blood
kidneys to secrete calcitriol

122
Q

how does cortisol increase amino acids?

A

targets skeletal muscle & stimulates the breakdown of muscle proteins into amino acids

123
Q

how does TH increase body heat production

A

increases metabolism

124
Q

how does adrenaline & noradrenaline enhance & prolong the fight-or-flight response?

A

binding to alpha or beta adrenergic receptors on target cells

125
Q

what type of disorder is diabetes insipidus?

A

endocrine

126
Q

what 2 things is the secretion of oxytocin stimulated by?

A

stretching of the uterus during labour

sucking action of the infant during breastfeeding

127
Q

adrenaline and noradrenaline dilates pupils (true/false)

A

true

128
Q

label part of the endocrine system

A
129
Q

what does GH stand for?

A

growth hormone

130
Q

what do the alpha cells of the islets of the pancreas produce & secrete?

A

glucagon

131
Q

label part of the endocrine system

A
132
Q

what does oestrogen target?

A

female reproductive organs

vagina, uterus & uterine tubes

133
Q

what does GH promote?

A

growth of body tissues, especially skeletal muscle & bone

134
Q

apart from stimulating the kidneys to return more water back into the blood how else does vasopressin help increase BP?

A

vasoconstriction of arterioles

135
Q

what produces T3 & T4?

A

thyroid follicles

136
Q

what do releasing & inhibiting hormones regulate?

A

secretion of anterior pituitary hormones

137
Q

what does FSH stand for?

A

follicle-stimulating hormone

138
Q

what is the posterior pituitary composed of?

A

neural tissue

139
Q

how does cortisol suppress the functions of the immune system?

A

inhibits activities of WBCs
(inc. release of inflammatory chemicals)

depresses inflammatory & immune response

140
Q

what does deficiencies in TH during foetal development, infancy or childhood lead to?

A

mental retardation & stunted bone growth?

141
Q

what is the hypophyseal portal system?

A

network of blood vessels that connect the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary through the infundibulum

142
Q

what does ACTH stand for?

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone

143
Q

what secretes oxytocin?

A

posterior pituitary

144
Q

are kidneys classified as an endocrine gland?

A

no

145
Q

when is calcitonin secreted?

A

blood Ca2+ levels increase above the normal range

146
Q

in children what leads to gigantism?

A

hypersecretion of GH

147
Q

what does TSH stimulate?

A

secretion of TH from thyroid gland

148
Q

when is glucagon secreted?

A

blood glucose levels decrease below the normal range

149
Q

what stimulates cortisol secretion?

A

ACTH

150
Q

how is excess glucose removed from the blood in DM?

A

at the kidneys - excreted in the urine

151
Q

what receptors do steroid hormone bind to?

A

intracellular receptors

152
Q

what can hypoparathyroidism result in?

A

hypocalcaemia

153
Q

how is type 1 DM characterised?

A

inadequate insulin production

154
Q

can DM result from both hyposecretion & hypoactivity of insulin?

A

yes

155
Q

what is the hypothalamus connected to the pituitary gland via?

A

a stalk called the infundibulum

156
Q

in what locations does GH stimulate cells?

A

liver
skeletal muscles
bones

157
Q

how many endocrine glands make up the adrenal gland?

A

2

158
Q

what is calcitriol?

A

active form of vit. D

159
Q

what does PRL target & stimulate?

A

mammary glands

milk production

160
Q

what is BMR?

A

amount of ATP required by body cells to carry out all metabolic reactions at rest

161
Q

what 2 things does oxytocin stimulate?

A

contraction of uterine smooth muscle cells during labour

ejection of milk from mammary glands during breastfeeding

162
Q

what does progesterone prepare the uterus for & help maintain?

A

pregnancy

163
Q

what does GHIH/somatostatin inhibit?

A

secretion of GH

164
Q

what does the hyposecretion of ADH result in?

A

diabetes insipidus

165
Q

how does ADH restore normal Na+ levels?

A

diluting the blood plasma

166
Q

what 3 things does cortisol do to help the body resist stressors?

A

increasing blood glucose, fatty acid & amino acid levels

167
Q

TH affects virtually every cell in the body (true/false)

A

true

168
Q

how does aldosterone return more Na+ back into the blood?

A

increases the reabsorption of Na+ from the urine being formed into blood

169
Q

in conjunction with what hormone does TH promote growth of muscles & bones?

A

GH

170
Q

what does CRH stand for?

A

corticotropin-releasing hormone

171
Q

what 6 ways does insulin decrease blood glucose?

A

stimulates body cells to uptake glucose from the blood

stimulates body cells to utilise glucose for ATP production (glycolysis)

body cells uptake amino acids for protein synthesis

targets liver to inhibit production of glucose from amino acids & glycerol (gluconeogenesis)

liver & skeletal muscles convert glucose to glycogen (glycogenesis)

targets liver & seletal muscle to inhibit the breakdown of glycogen to glucose (glycogenolysis)

172
Q

where is the pancreas located?

A

abdominal cavity

173
Q

what does TSH target & stimulate?

A

thyroid gland

thyroid gland to secrete thyroid hormones T3 & T4

174
Q

what does GHRH stand for?

A

growth hormone-releasing hormone

175
Q

what does the secretion of cortisol involve?

A

hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis)

176
Q

label the diagram

A
177
Q

what does PIH primarily control the secretion of?

A

PRL from the anterior pituitary

178
Q

what does calcitriol do?

A

increases absorption of Ca2+ from digested foods in the small intestine

179
Q

how many different hormones does the anterior pituitary secrete?

A

6

180
Q

does ADH increase or decrease urine output?

A

decrease

181
Q

what does testosterone promote in male reproductive organs?

A

growth & maturation

182
Q

what is the hypothalamus classified as?

A

neuroendocrine organ

183
Q

what does DM stand for?

A

diabetes mellitus

184
Q

what is the effect of hyperparathyroidism on bones?

what happens if left untreated?

A

become soft

if left untreated:

  • -> loss of bone mass (thin bones)
  • -> osteoporosis
185
Q

what does EPO target?

A

bone marrow

186
Q

why are corticosteroids prescribed to organ transplant recipients?

A

to slow/prevent tissue rejection

187
Q

what secretes ADH?

A

posterior pituitary

188
Q

what does decreased PIH secretion lead to?

A

increased PRL secretion

189
Q

what does testosterone target?

A

male reproductive organs

ducts, glands, penis, scrotum, testes

190
Q

what 2 ways does calcitonin decrease blood Ca2+ levels?

A

inhibits the activity of osteoclasts

stimulates calcium uptake from blood into bone

191
Q

what produces releasing & inhibiting hormones?

A

hypothalamic neurons

192
Q

what does EPO stimulate?

A

production of RBCs

193
Q

does the posterior pituitary produce its own hormones?

A

no

194
Q

by promoting the development of male secondary sex characteristics what 3 things does testosterone target?

A

muscles to increase muscle mass & strength
bone to stimulate growth
hair follicles to stimulate growth of body hair (e.g., facial & pubic)

195
Q

when does type 2 DM occur?

A

when body cells become non-responsive to the insulin being reduced “insulin resistant”

196
Q

what does the hyposecretion of GH lead to?

A

dwarfism

197
Q

what is a symptom of diabetes insipidus?

A

excessive urination (polyuria)

198
Q

what does LH stand for?

A

luteinising hormone

199
Q

in DM when is blood glucose levels particularly high? and why?

A

after a meal

glucose is unable to enter body cells

200
Q

what does the pancreas contain?

A

small islands of endocrine cells (pancreatic islet/islet of langerhans)

201
Q

what 4 ways does glucagon increase blood glucose?

A

stimulates the liver to:
breakdown stored glycogen to glucose (glycogenolysis)

produce glucose from amino acids & glycerol (gluconeogenesis)

release glucose into the bloodstream

target adipose tissue to stimulate the breakdown of fats to fatty acid & glycerol - & their release into bloodstream

202
Q

does adrenaline & noradrenaline increase sweat gland activity?

A

yes

203
Q

what does adrenaline & noradrenaline do to the blood vessels that supply skeletal muscles & the heart?

A

dilate them

204
Q

what does PTH target?

A

bone
kidneys
small intestine

205
Q

adrenaline & noradrenaline decreases HR & force of contraction? (true/false)

A

false - increase

NUR1114 bioscience (7 decks)

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