Week 6 - Long-Term Memory - Structure Flashcards
A memory mechanism that can hold large amounts of information for long periods of time.
Long-term memory (LTM)
Long-term memory covers a span that stretches from about ____ seconds ago to your earliest memories.
30
In a memory experiment in which participants are asked to recall a list of words, a plot of the percentage of participants remembering each word against the position of that word in the list, serial position __________.
curve
The finding that participants are more likely to remember words presented at the beginning of a sequence is called the _________ effect.
primacy .
A possible explanation of the primacy effect is that participants had time to rehearse the words at the beginning of the sequence and transfer them to LTM. True/False
True
(the first word receives 100 percent of the participant’s attention. When the second word is presented, attention becomes spread over two words, and so on; as additional words are presented, less rehearsal is possible for later words)
The better memory for the stimuli presented at the end of a sequence is called the _______ effect.
recency
The explanation for the recency effect is that the most recently presented words are still in STM and therefore are easy for participants to remember. True/False
True
(Glanzer and Cunitz experiment of serial positional curve but with counting backwards for 30 seconds to avoid rehearsal and STM)
The form in which stimuli are represented in the mind. For example, information can be represented in visual, semantic, and phonological forms.
Coding
Mental approach to ________ is how a stimulus or an experience is represented in the mind.
coding
When information learned previously interferes with learning new information, ___________ interference.
proactive
A situation in which conditions occur that eliminate or reduce the decrease in performance caused by proactive interference.
release from proactive interference
(Wickens fruit and professions experiment)
Identifying a stimulus that was encountered earlier,__________ memory.
recognition
(Stimuli are presented during a study period; later, the same stimuli plus other, new stimuli are presented. The participants’ task is to pick the stimuli that were originally presented)
Information can be represented in both STM and LTM in terms of vision (visual coding), hearing (auditory coding), and meaning (semantic coding). True/False
True
Auditory coding is the predominant type of coding in STM. True/False
True
Semantic coding is the most likely form of coding for LTM tasks. True/False
True
A subcortical structure that is important for forming long-term memories, and that also plays a role in remote episodic memories and in short-term storage of novel information.
hippocampus
(HM case of hippocampus removal that resulted in LTM loss but intact STM)
STM is processed in parietal lobe. True/False
True
(KF case of parietal lobe damage and loss of STM but intact LTM)
According to Tulving, the defining property of the experience of episodic memory, in which a person travels back in time in his or her mind to reexperience events that happened in the past, ________ time travel.
mental
(self-knowing or remembering)
Experience of semantic memory is described as ___________.
knowing
( knowing does not involve mental time travel)
Memory for specific events from a person’s life, which can include both episodic and semantic components.
autobiographical memory
(e.g. knowledge about public figures, such as actors, singers)
– popular singer (semantic information) if you had attended one of his or her concerts (episodic experience)
Double ________ between episodic and semantic memory, supports the idea that memory for these two different types of information probably involves different mechanisms.
dissociation
Semantic components of autobiographical memories.
personal semantic memories
When episodic memory is present, semantic memory for “facts” (like a person’s name) is enhanced. But when episodic memory is absent, this advantage created by personally relevant facts vanishes. True/False
True
That person looks familiar. What’s his name and where did I meet him?
is an example of ___________.
familiarity
(the person seems familiar and you might remember his name, but you can’t remember any details about specific experiences involving that person)
There’s Roger, who I met at the coffee shop last Monday. I remember talking with him about football.
is an example of ___________.
recollection—(remembering specific experiences related to the person)
Recollection is associated with episodic memory because it includes details about what was happening when knowledge was acquired plus an awareness of the event as it was experienced in the past. True/False
True
Familiarity is associated with semantic memory because it is not associated with the circumstances under which knowledge was acquired. True/False
True
A procedure in which subjects are presented with a stimulus they have encountered before and are asked to indicate remember, if they remember the circumstances under which they initially encountered it, or know, if the stimulus seems familiar but they don’t remember experiencing it earlier.
remember/know procedure
Loss of episodic details for memories of long-ago events.
semanticization of remote memories
(remember responses decreased much more than know responses, meaning that memories for 40- to 50-year-old events had lost much of their episodic character)
Constructive __________ ____________ hypothesis proposed by Schacter and Addis that episodic memories are extracted and recombined to construct simulations of future events.
episodic simulation
Memory that occurs when an experience affects a person’s behavior, even though the person is not aware that he or she has had the experience.
implicit memories
Memory that involves conscious recollections of events or facts that we have learned in the past.
Explicit memories
(memories we are aware of)
Memory for how to carry out highly practiced skills (type of implicit memory because although people can carry out a skilled behavior, they often cannot explain exactly how they are able to do so)
Procedural or skill memory
e.g.
- skilled violinist who suffered a loss of episodic memory due to damage to her hippocampus caused by encephalitis, but who could still play the violin, - Amnesiac patients can also master new skills even though they don’t remember any of the practice that led to this mastery
- mirror drawing
Amnesia that occurs because well-learned procedural memories do not require attention, expert ______ amnesia.
expert-induced amnesia
(e.g. piano expert not needing to pay attention to his fingers)
= things done on automatic
A change in response to a stimulus caused by the previous presentation of the same or a similar stimulus.
Priming
When an initial presentation of a stimulus affects the person’s response to the same stimulus when it is presented later, repetition ________.
repetition priming
(e.g. seeing the word bird may cause you to respond more quickly to a later presentation of the word bird than to a word you have not seen, even though you may not remember seeing bird earlier)
Repetition priming is called implicit memory because the priming effect can occur even though participants may not remember the original presentation of the priming stimuli. True/False
True
People are more likely to rate statements they have read or heard before as being true, just because of prior exposure to the statements, _____________ effect.
propaganda
__________ conditioning occurs when the following two stimuli are paired:
(1)a neutral stimulus that initially does not result in a response and
(2)a conditioning stimulus that does result in a response
Classical
(implicit memory e.g. you meet someone who seems familiar but you can’t remember how you know him or her.)
A subtype of dissociative amnesia that involves loss of memory for personal autobiographical information combined with unexpected and sudden travel and sometimes setting up a new identity, ___________ fugue.
psychogenic fugue/dissociative fugue
(A disorder of memory that occurs following emotional or psychological trauma)
Which of the following memories would NOT be an example of long-term memory?
a. acknowledging that you just sat down
b. remembering your first day of kindergarten
c. recollecting what you had for breakfast an hour ago
d. recalling a family vacation from 10 years ago
a. acknowledging that you just sat down
Primacy effect is to recency effect as ___ is to ___.
a. beginning; end
b. end; beginning
c. recall; recognition
d. recognition; recall
a. beginning; end
Suppose a subject began recall of a list of words after counting backwards for 30 seconds. What would be the likely consequence of doing this?
a. It would illustrate the primacy and recency effects.
b. The words would be more likely to enter into long-term memory.
c. The primacy effect is eliminated.
d. The recency effect is eliminated.
d. The recency effect is eliminated.
The fact that different types of memory share mechanisms falls under the category of memory ________.
a. dissociation
b. interaction
c. division
d. specialization
b. interaction
Which of the following types of exam questions is an example of recognition memory?
a. fill-in-the-blank
b. multiple-choice
c. short answer
d. essay
b. multiple-choice
Which of the following would be an example of auditory coding in long-term memory?
a. visualizing what the White House looked like when you saw it last summer
b. recalling the general plot of a novel you read last week
c. a song you have heard many times before, repeating over and over in your mind
d. representing the sounds of letters in the mind just after hearing them
c. a song you have heard many times before, repeating over and over in your mind
What is the upper limit for holding information in long-term memory?
a. about 15 seconds
b. about 10 years
c. about 25 years
d. no limit
d. no limit
There is contemporary research that, in addition to the hippocampus, structures in the ___ lobe may be linked with ___ memory.
a. temporal; long-term (only)
b. temporal; long- and short-term
c. occipital; long-term (only)
d. occipital; long- and short-term
b. temporal; long- and short-term
Which of the following would be an example of mental time travel?
a. thinking about how you’re going to get through a busy, stressful day
b. recollecting a trip to New York City, where you and a friend climbed to the top of the Statue of Liberty
c. planning ahead for a future vacation to Florida
d. imagining how your life might be in 5 years
b. recollecting a trip to New York City, where you and a friend climbed to the top of the Statue of Liberty
When Javier talks about last night’s basketball game with his friend Carol over coffee, which of the following internal thoughts reflect Javier’s working memory?
a. “The price of a latte went up 15 cents.”
b. “Carol’s father died recently; be sensitive.”
c. “The game was close and exciting.”
d. “Carol and I first met working at KFC.”
c. “The game was close and exciting.”
Suppose you recall that you had a pleasant conversation with a cashier the other day when you went to get coffee. This memory should be viewed as primarily being ___.
a. semantic
b. autobiographical
c. procedural
d. episodic
d. episodic
Which of the following deserves credit for the primacy effect?
a. position
b. semantics
c. coding
d. rehearsal
d. rehearsal
All of the following illustrate implicit memory EXCEPT ___.
a. semantic knowledge
b. priming
c. conditioning
d. procedural memory
a. semantic knowledge
When you just ride a bike without consciously thinking about how to do so, this illustrates ___ memory.
a. procedural
b. explicit
c. semantic
d. episodic
a. procedural
Abby has traveled away from home and has no memory of events and other personal details about her life. Based on this information, it appears that she suffers from ___.
a. amnesia
b. psychogenic fugue
c. Alzheimer’s disease
d. dissociative identity disorder
b. psychogenic fugue
The accuracy of recalling items in a list decreases as the length of the list increases due to which of the following?
a. abstraction
b. distraction
c. semanticization
d. dissociation
b. distraction
Why does counting backwards after reciting a list of words eliminate the recency effect?
a. The first words are sent to short-term memory (STM).
b. The first words are lost in long-term memory (LTM).
c. The last words are sent to long-term memory (LTM).
d. The last words are lost in short-term memory (STM).
d. The last words are lost in short-term memory (STM).
Which of the following deserves credit for the recency effect?
a. episodic memory
b. semantic memory
c. short-term memory (STM)
d. long-term memory (LTM)
c. short-term memory (STM)
Identifying voxels in an fMRI scan that light up when a person sees a photo of a particular scene for the first time is an example of ________.
a. remember/know processing
b. physiological coding
c. mental time travel
d. proactive interference
b. physiological coding
Which stimulus is most likely to be semantically coded?
a. a hot dog
b. a toy dog
c. a photo of a dog
d. a barking dog
d. a barking dog
After spending all day at the library, Kathy said, “My brain is stuffed. I can’t study anymore. Nothing I read is sticking.” Kathy is experiencing ________ interference.
a. restrictive
b. semantic
c. episodic
d. proactive
d. proactive
Henry Molaison’s inability to form lasting memories was the result of removing which part of his brain?
a. hypothalamus
b. hippocampus
c. corpus callosum
d. amygdala
b. hippocampus
When the police ask the victim of a crime to look through mugshots of past criminals, they hope that the victim’s ________ will help them to identify and arrest a suspect.
a. coding
b. recognition
c. semanticization
d. recall
b. recognition
What tool did doctors use to measure the short-term memory capacity of KF following his motorcycle accident?
a. mirror drawing
b. digit lists
c. word lists
d. novel faces
b. digit lists
What criterion did Tulving use to define the difference between semantic memories and episodic memoires?
a. veracity
b. time
c. experience
d. location
c. experience
Which of the following statements best reflects Tulving’s concept of semantic memory?
a. I live it.
b. I know it.
c. I sense it.
d. I feel it.
b. I know it.
Ronnie told his friend Sasha, “Last Thursday when it got below freezing and the roads were icy, I went to that new sushi place on Rte 38 for the $12.99 all-you-can-eat special.” Which part of Ronnie’s autobiographical memory is episodic?
a. The dinner special cost $12.99.
b. I had dinner at the sushi place.
c. The sushi place is on Rte. 38.
d. Roads get icy below 32 degrees.
b. I had dinner at the sushi place.
Which term best reflects the aspect of memory that people lose with age?
a. experience
b. knowledge
c. sensation
d. semantics
a. experience
Regarding a person’s future, episodic memory seems to be ________.
a. inaccurate
b. dissociated
c. adaptive
d. procedural
c. adaptive
Political propaganda is an effective tool to manage and control the public due to the effect of ________.
a. coding
b. priming
c. semanticization
d. conditioning
b. priming
