Week 2 - Sensation and Perception Flashcards
The concept of levels of analysis recommends that the study of psychological phenomena should be ________.
a. behavioral
b. multidimensional
c. ethical
d. neurological
b. multidimensional
Nerve nets were initially likened to work like ___.
a. a mountain
b. a highway
c. quicksand
d. a volcano
b. a highway
Which of the following components of neural function is distinguished by being an absence of material?
a. axon
b. golgi
c. synapse
d. dendrite
c. synapse
The fact that certain neurons might respond only to your mother’s face but not your father’s face highlights the importance of ___.
a. specificity coding
b. population coding
c. hierarchical processing
d. feature detectors
a. specificity coding
Population coding is to sparse coding as ___ is to ___.
a. pattern; disorganized
b. disorganized; pattern
c. large; small
d. small; large
c. large; small
If you’re having problems with your vision, then it’s likely that there could be a problem with your ___ lobe.
a. frontal
b. occipital
c. parietal
d. temporal
b. occipital
How does Broca’s area differ from Wernicke’s area?
a. Broca’s area is in the occipital lobe, whereas Wernicke’s area is in the occipital lobe.
b. Broca’s area is involved with producing language, whereas Wernicke’s area helps to comprehend language.
c. Broca’s area is involved in memory, whereas Wernicke’s area is not.
d. Broca’s area tends to be damaged in stroke victims, whereas Wernicke’s area is damaged in schizophrenic individuals.
b. Broca’s area is involved with producing language, whereas Wernicke’s area helps to comprehend language.
Suppose you’re carefully deliberating as to whether to accept a certain job offer. In doing so, you are especially using your ___ lobe.
a. temporal
b. occipital
c. parietal
d. frontal
d. frontal
The brain is constantly changing in response to various experiences due to its ________.
a. malleability
b. plasticity
c. coding
d. networks
b. plasticity
Greta suffers from prosopagnosia. As such, we would expect her to ___.
a. show limited intelligence
b. have poor speech production
c. not be able to see clearly
d. have an inability to recognize faces
d. have an inability to recognize faces
Jorge rounds a bend on his hike and sees a beautiful waterfall—which fires a large number of neurons in his brain. Jorge’s response to this stimulus is an example of _____ coding.
a. population
b. memory
c. sparse
d. specificity
a. population
On a car assembly line, one team puts the windshields into the frames, a different team attaches the exhaust system, and another team attaches the doors. From a neural perspective, this illustrates the concept of ________.
a. double dissociation
b. distributed representation
c. localization of function
d. structural connectivity
c. localization of function
The extrastriate body area would be expected to become activated by seeing all of the following EXCEPT ___.
a. faces
b. legs
c. hands
d. torsos
a. faces
If a researcher detects how water diffuses along the length of nerve fibers, then he or she is likely engaged in the technique called ___.
a. functional magnetic resonance imaging
b. magnetic resonance imaging
c. distributed representation
d. track-weighted imaging
d. track-weighted imaging
Which of the following acts like a radio antenna in a car?
a. synapse
b. cell body
c. dendrite
d. axon
c. dendrite
A school cafeteria has 15 circular tables, with the students at each table talking and laughing with each other. This scene can be used as a model to illustrate ________.
a. feature detectors
b. double dissociation
c. neural circuits
d. population coding
c. neural circuits
Neurons in the skin that detect a spider crawling up your leg are called ________.
a. feature detectors
b. Golgi bodies
c. neurotransmitters
d. receptors
d. receptors
A neuron at rest has a ________.
a. positive charge of 70 millivolts
b. negative charge of 70 millivolts
c. positive charge of 40 millivolts
d. negative charge of 40 millivolts
b. negative charge of 70 millivolts
In large cities, bike messengers often pick up documents such as architectural drawings and deliver them to clients. Bike messengers function similarly to ________.
a. dendrites
b. receptors
c. synapses
d. neurotransmitters
d. neurotransmitters
Maya was thrilled to come home from work on her birthday and see a huge bouquet of flowers left on the table for her by her girlfriend. From a neurocognitive perspective, Maya’s experience of the flowers is a ________.
a. aphasia
b. feature
c. representation
d. neurotransmission
c. representation
You are able to perceive that a sailboat on the horizon is moving due to the actions of ________.
a. feature detectors
b. levels of analysis
c. voxels
d. salience network
b. levels of analysis
Driving in the dense fog, Sandeep could only see rows of large, white rectangles up ahead. As he got closer, he could make out that the rectangles were lighted windows in his hotel. Which term best describes what Sandeep experienced?
a. Broca’s aphasia
b. hierarchical processing
c. specificity coding
d. prosopagnosia
b. hierarchical processing
Paul Broca’s research refuted which of the following principles of brain function?
a. distributed representation
b. neural circuits
c. cortical equipotentiality
d. localization of function
c. cortical equipotentiality
Malcolm swears that the used car he bought is cursed. On hot, dry days, the windshield wipers work but the air conditioner doesn’t. On cold, rainy days, the air conditioner works but the windshield wipers don’t. Malcolm’s car serves as a metaphor for which of the following?
a. action potential
b. functional connectivity
c. double dissociation
d. distributed representation
c. double dissociation
Which of the following is key to an fMRI scanner’s ability to track cognitive activity in the brain?
a. iron
b. oxygen
c. carbon dioxide
d. protein
b. oxygen
When you look at the face of a loved one, this experience can be described from a neural perspective as ________.
a. plastic
b. specific
c. multidimensional
d. episodic
c. multidimensional
The occipital lobe of the brain processes the image of a snarling dog and sends this representation to another part of the brain that makes you react with fear, which signals another part of the brain to make you run away. This example shows ________ at work.
a. time-series responses
b. levels of analysis
c. specificity coding
d. neural networks
d. neural networks
Human DNA is to the genome as the brain is to the ________.
a. cyclostome
b. connectome
c. rhizome
d. mesosome
b. connectome
Which functional network becomes active when the brain is at rest?
a. somato-motor
b. salience
c. dorsal attention
d. default mode
d. default mode
Field concerned with studying the neural basis of cognition.
cognitive neuroscience
A topic can be understood by studying it at a number of different levels of a system.
Levels of analysis
______ net theory proposed that signals could be transmitted throughout the net in all directions.
Nerve
Cell that is specialized to receive and transmit information in the nervous system
neurons
A network of continuously interconnected nerve fibers (as contrasted with neural networks, in which fibers are connected by synapses).
nerve net
Camillo ______ (1843–1926) developed a staining technique in which a thin slice of brain tissue was immersed in a solution of silver nitrate.
Golgi
the density of cells in the newborn brain is small/large compared with the density in the adult brain.
small
The idea/ _______doctrine that individual cells called neurons transmit signals in the nervous system, and that these cells are not continuous with other cells as proposed by nerve net theory.
neuron
Part of a cell that contains mechanisms that keep the cell alive. In some neurons, the _____ ______and the dendrites associated with it receive information from other neurons.
cell body
Structures that branch out from the cell body to receive electrical signals from other neurons.
dendrites
Part of the neuron that transmits signals from the cell body to the synapse at the end of the axon.
Axons or nerve fibers
Space between the end of an axon and the cell body or dendrite of the next axon.
synapse
Group of interconnected neurons that are responsible for neural processing, _________ circuits
neural
Neurons are not connected indiscriminately to other neurons but form connections only to specific neurons. True/False
True
Ears, eyes and skin also contain neurons to pick information. True/ False
True
Specialized neural structures (found in eyes, ears and skin) that respond to environmental stimuli such as light, mechanical stimulation, or chemical stimuli.
receptors
the person who made cellular study of mental life possible
Ramon Cajal,
Spanish physiologist
Edgar _______ was able to record electrical signals from single sensory neurons
Adrian
Small wires that are used to record electrical signals from single neurons.
microelectrodes
________ potential (negative 70 millivolts) means no signals in the neuron
Resting
Impulse/_____ potential that typically travel down a neuron’s axon and is responsible for transmitting neural information and communication between neurons.
action potential, lasts about 1 milliseconds
Each action potential travels all the way down the axon without changing its height or shape making it ideal for long distance transmission. True/False
True
Chemical that is released at the synapse in response to incoming action potentials (when the signals reach the synapse at the end of the axon).
neurotransmitter
Neurons that respond to specific visual features, such as orientation, size, or the more complex features that make up environmental stimuli.
feature detectors
A mechanism that causes an organism’s neurons to develop so they respond best to the type of stimulation to which the organism has been exposed (Blakemore and Cooper’s cat experiment with vertical stripes only),___________-__________ plasticisty.
experience-dependent
Area in the occipital lobe that receives signals from the eyes.
visual cortex
Vision areas covers about ___ percent of the visual cortex.
30
The lobe on the side of the brain that contains mechanisms responsible for language, memory, hearing, and vision.
temporal lobe
Processing that occurs in a progression from lower to higher areas of the brain.
hierarchical processing
How neural firing represents various characteristics of the environment, _____ code.
sensory code
The representation of a specific stimulus by the firing of neurons that respond only to that stimulus. An example would be the signaling of a person’s face by the firing of a neuron that responds only to that person’s face, _________ coding.
specificity
The problem of neural representation for the senses has been called the problem of ______ ______.
sensory coding,
Neural representation of a stimulus by the pattern of firing of a large number of neurons, _________ coding.
population
Neural coding based on the pattern of activity in small groups of neurons.
Sparse coding
Is there a difference between representation of perceptions and representation of memories?
Yes
Memories are also represented by the firing of neurons. True/False
True
Firing associated with memory is associated with information about the past that has been stored in the brain