Week 6 - Long-Term Memory - Everyday Memory and Memory Errors Flashcards
Memory for specific experiences from our life, which can include both episodic and semantic components.
Autobiographical memory
Two important characteristics of autobiographical memories are
(1) they are multidimensional and
(2) we remember some events in our lives better than others. True/False
True
Damage to the ________ area of the cortex, can experience a loss of autobiographical memory
visual
(because visual stimuli not available to serve as retrieval cues for memories)
The enhanced memory for adolescence and young adulthood found in people over 40 is called the _____________ bump.
reminiscence
The idea that memory is enhanced for events that occur as a person’s self-image or life identity is being formed. This is one of the explanations for the reminiscence bump, ______-_______ hypothesis.
self-image
___________ hypothesis, proposes that periods of rapid change that are followed by stability cause stronger encoding of memories
Cognitive
The idea that events in a person’s life story become easier to recall when they fit the cultural life script for that person’s culture. This has been cited to explain the reminiscence bump, cultural-_______ ______ hypothesis.
life script
Life events that commonly occur in a particular culture.
cultural life script
Tendency for the most notable public events in a person’s life to be perceived to occur when the person is young.
youth bias
A subcortical structure that is involved in processing emotional aspects of experience, including memory for emotional events.
amygdala
The release of stress hormones s cortisol after an emotional experience increase consolidation of memory for that experience. True/False
True
(cortisol enhances memory for the emotional pictures but not for the neutral pictures)
Brown and Kulik proposed a term for Memory for the circumstances that surround hearing about shocking, highly charged events. It has been claimed that such memories are particularly vivid and accurate.
flashbulb memory
(the term flashbulb memory refers to memory for the circumstances surrounding how a person heard about an event, not memory for the event itself)
Recall that is tested immediately after an event and then retested at various times after the event.
Repeated recall
The idea that we remember some life events better because we rehearse them. This idea was proposed by Neisser as an explanation for “flashbulb” memories
narrative rehearsal hypothesis
The idea that what people report as memories are constructed based on what actually happened plus additional factors, such as expectations, other knowledge, and other life experiences.
constructive nature of memory
Enhanced probability of evaluating a statement as being true upon repeated presentation.
illusory truth effect
The process by which people determine the origins of memories, knowledge, or beliefs.
source monitoring
(e.g. remembering that you heard about something from a particular person)
Example of source monitoring errors are _____________ cases of unconscious plagiarism of the work of others.
cryptomnesia,
Misidentifying the source of a memory
source monitoring error/source misattributions
The ease with which a statement can be remembered.
fluency
A method of measuring memory in which a person is asked to reproduce a stimulus on repeated occasions at longer and longer intervals after the original presentation of the material to be remembered.
repeated reproduction
Misleading information presented after a person witnesses an event that changes how the person describes that event later.
misinformation effect
The misleading information that causes the misinformation effect.
misleading postevent information (MPI)
Memories that have been pushed out of a person’s consciousness.
repressed childhood memory
Testimony by eyewitnesses to a crime about what they saw during commission of the crime
eyewitness testimony
The tendency for eyewitnesses to a crime to focus attention on a weapon, which causes poorer memory for other things that are happening.
weapons focus
A procedure used for interviewing crime scene witnesses that involves letting witnesses talk with a minimum of interruption. It also uses techniques that help witnesses recreate the situation present at the crime scene by having them place themselves back in the scene and recreate emotions they were feeling, where they were looking, and how the scene may have appeared when viewed from different perspectives.
cognitive interview
A memory that involves a sentimental affection for the past.
nostalgia
Autobiographical memories elicited by hearing music.
music-enhanced autobiographical memories (MEAMS)
Description of how taste and olfaction unlocked memories he hadn’t thought of for years, now called the _______ effect
Proust
Which of the following events would probably be LEAST likely to occur in one’s 20s according to the cultural life script hypothesis?
a. going to college
b. having a first crush
c. getting married
d. having children
b. having a first crush
Consistent with weapons focus-based research, the presence of a gun should ___ for other details of the crime scene.
a. decrease memory
b. increase memory
c. have no effect on memory
d. repress memory
a. decrease memory
Which of the following statements about flashbulb memories is TRUE?
a. Flashbulb memories were first studied with respect to the 9/11 terrorist attacks.
b. Flashbulb memories refer to the memory for a given event.
c. Individuals tend to hold strong beliefs in the accuracy of their flashbulb memories.
d. Flashbulb memories are like photographs and cannot be forgotten.
c. Individuals tend to hold strong beliefs in the accuracy of their flashbulb memories.
Consistent with the narrative rehearsal hypothesis, a significant source of rehearsal and reflection of flashbulb memories may be due to ___.
a. discussions among peer groups
b. the emotional impact of the event
c. increased unconscious processing of the event
d. media coverage and influence
d. media coverage and influence
Bartlett’s classic “War of the Ghosts” experiment is particularly noteworthy because it was one of the first to make use of ___.
a. repeated reproduction
b. source monitoring
c. source misattribution
d. cryptoamnesia
a. repeated reproduction
Which of the following experiences is most likely to be part of a person’s reminiscence bump?
a. taking a first step
b. entering first grade
c. getting a first apartment
d. holding a first grandchild
c. getting a first apartment
The fact that autobiographical memories can include tactile elements demonstrates that these types of memories are ________.
a. semantic
b. multidimensional
c. reconsolidated
d. illusory
b. multidimensional
Consider the sentence “The new baby stayed awake all night.” Based on pragmatic inference, which of the following is the LEAST reasonable inference that one might glean from this statement?
a. The baby was crying.
b. The baby’s parents got little sleep.
c. The baby wasn’t feeling well.
d. The baby was a boy.
d. The baby was a boy.
Schema is to script as _____ is to _____.
a. aspect; sequence
b. sequence; aspect
c. memory; reconstruct
d. reconstruct; memory
a. aspect; sequence
In which of the following lists might a false recall of the word “sleep” be MOST likely to occur?
a. bed; rest; slumber; night
b. snore; tired; sleep; doze
c. happy; fun; amusement; enjoy
d. apple; pizza; drink; food
a. bed; rest; slumber; night
The cognitive hypothesis for the reminiscence bump is related to which of the following processes?
a. inference
b. retrieval
c. reconsolidation
d. encoding
d. encoding
Suppose you are a therapist seeing a patient for an eating disorder, and you suspect that your patient was sexually abused as a youngster. How should you proceed?
a. State your belief to your patient that she was sexually abused.
b. Directly ask your patient whether she was sexually abused.
c. Ask your patient if you could contact relatives to consider whether they may have abused her in the past.
d. Proceed with treatment of the eating disorder without alluding to, hinting, or suggesting that she was abused out of concern of creating a false “recovered” memory.
d. Proceed with treatment of the eating disorder without alluding to, hinting, or suggesting that she was abused out of concern of creating a false “recovered” memory.
It is estimated that around ___ of all criminal cases where an individual was wrongly convicted of a crime involved eyewitness testimony.
a. three-fourths
b. one-half
c. one-third
d. one-quarter
a. three-fourths
The reminiscence bump seems to corroborate which of the following?
a. cryptoamnesia
b. pragmatic inference
c. youth bias
d. narrative rehearsal
c. youth bias
Which of the following is NOT a recommendation for using a lineup that would avoid mistaken identifications?
a. When asking a witness to pick the perpetrator from a lineup, inform the witness that the perpetrator may not be in the particular lineup he or she is viewing.
b. When constructing a lineup, use “fillers” who are similar to the suspect.
c. Get an immediate confidence rating after the witness makes a selection.
d. Use a lineup administrator who knows which person in the lineup is the suspect.
d. Use a lineup administrator who knows which person in the lineup is the suspect.
Wade wants to replicate the research that Cahill conducted with a person named B.P., who had suffered a neurological injury. Wade is looking to identify the role that ________ plays in memory.
a. emotion
b. culture
c. sensation
d. suggestion
a. emotion
Janelle is getting an fMRI scan while she describes an everyday episodic memory. Which of the following brain areas will show the LEAST activity in her scan?
a. hippocampus and parietal cortex
b. medial temporal lobe and amygdala
c. amygdala and hippocampus
d. parietal cortex and prefrontal cortex
c. amygdala and hippocampus
What distinguishes a flashbulb memory from an autobiographical memory?
a. familiarity
b. intensity
c. veracity
d. fluency
b. intensity
Friends repeatedly sharing experiences of an event such as an earthquake in a major city can affect their memories due to which of the following?
a. inference
b. rehearsal
c. reconsolidation
d. saturation
b. rehearsal
Which of the following would be considered part of Sachi’s flashbulb memory for the 2004 earthquake and tsunami that struck locations in the Indian Ocean?
a. the video clip of a boy clinging to a tree top
b. the maximum height of the waves that struck
c. the cafe she sat in when first seeing the news
d. the Richter scale rating of the earthquake
c. the cafe she sat in when first seeing the news
What was the problem with Brown and Kulik’s research into flashbulb memories?
a. The participants’ memories could not be verified.
b. The effect of media bias had not been factored in.
c. The events remembered were not intense enough.
d. The research team made source misattributions.
a. The participants’ memories could not be verified.
Which of the following are the foundation of the illusory truth effect?
a. fluency and emotion
b. repetition and fluency
c. emotion and misattribution
d. misattribution and repetition
b. repetition and fluency
What is the key variable in the method known as repeated reproduction?
a. frequency
b. age
c. time
d. stress
c. time
The misinformation effect on memory is related to which of the following?
a. stress
b. timing
c. rehearsal
d. culture
b. timing
In the research conducted by Loftus and coworkers on the misinformation effect, how did the words “smash” and “hit” affect participants’ memory of seeing broken glass in the images presented?
a. Memories of seeing broken glass were about the same in both the “smash” and “hit” groups.
b. About twice as many participants in the “smash” group remembered seeing broken glass.
c. Nearly all participants in the “hit” group remembered seeing broken glass in the images.
d. Memories of broken glass were three times higher in the “smash” group than the “hit” group.
b. About twice as many participants in the “smash” group remembered seeing broken glass.
Alan knows that his stepfather abused him and his twin sister Carla when they were young. But whenever Alan tries to discuss it with her, Carla says she has no memory of the abuse. Carla’s memories are likely ________.
a. misattributed
b. repressed
c. fragile
d. consolidated
b. repressed
Which of the following is most responsible for jurors’ misguided trust in the testimony of eyewitnesses?
a. ignorance about memory
b. errors in source monitoring
c. cultural biases to convict
d. misattribution of sources
a. ignorance about memory
When asked at the police lineup to select the person he saw running away from the warehouse fire that night, Mr. Salazar picked Rashid, the boy who used to shovel his driveway and rake his leaves a few years back. Two other witnesses picked someone else from the same lineup. What factor likely led Mr. Salazar to pick Rashid out of the lineup?
a. bias
b. pragmatism
c. familiarity
d. nostalgia
c. familiarity
In a court trial, a judge may sometimes warn a questioning attorney not to “lead the witness” during their testimony. The attorney’s behavior could possibly lead to errors in the testimony due to ________.
a. attention
b. familiarity
c. inference
d. suggestion
d. suggestion
