Week 4 - Attention Flashcards
The ability to focus on specific features, objects, or locations or on certain thoughts or activities.
attention
The ability to focus on one message and ignore all others.
selective attention
( focus on his math homework while ignoring the people talking)
Occurs when one stimulus interferes with attention to or the processing of another stimulus.
distraction
The ability to pay attention to, or carry out, two or more different tasks simultaneously.
divided attention
(Roger listening in on the conversation while simultaneously playing the game)
A rapid shifting of attention, usually caused by a stimulus such as a loud noise, bright light, or sudden movement.
attentional capture
Movement of the eyes from one location or object to another.
visual scanning
(Roger’s attempt to identify the people across the room, looking from one person’s face to another)
Model of attention that proposes a filter that lets attended stimuli through and blocks some or all of the unattended stimuli.
(Broadbent’s) filter model of attention,
Collin Cherry experiment presenting different stimuli to the left and right ears
dichotic listening
(the participant’s task in this experiment is to focus on the message in one ear, called the attended ear, and to repeat what he or she is hearing out loud)
The procedure of repeating the words as they are heard is called _________.
shadowing
The ability to focus on one stimulus while filtering out other stimuli, especially at a party where there are a lot of simultaneous conversations (e.g. hearing your name at the noisy party).
cocktail party effect
model of information processing:
- Sensory memory holds all of the incoming information for a fraction of a second and then transfers all of it to the filter.
- The filter identifies the message that is being attended to based on its physical characteristics—things like the speaker’s tone of voice, pitch, speed of talking, and accent—and lets only this attended message pass through to the detector in the next stage. All of the other messages are filtered out.
- The detector processes the information from the attended message to determine higher-level characteristics of the message, such as its meaning. Because only the important, attended information has been let through the filter, the detector processes all of the information that enters it.
- The output of the detector is sent to short-term memory, which holds information for 10–15 seconds and also transfers information into long-term memory, which can hold information indefinitely.
In Broadbent’s model of attention, the _________identifies the message that is being attended to based on its physical characteristics—things like the speaker’s tone of voice, pitch, speed of talking, and accent—and lets only this attended message pass through to the detector in the next stage.
filter
In Broadbent’s model of attention, the __________ processes the information from the attended message to determine higher-level characteristics of the message, such as its meaning.
detector
Broadbent’s model is called an early ________ _________ because the filter eliminates the unattended information right at the beginning of the flow of information.
selection model
According to Broadbent’s theory, the filter is supposed to let through only one message but Moray’s experiment showed that information presented to the unattended ear is processed enough to provide the listener with some awareness of its meaning. True/False
True (“Dear Aunt Jane” experiment in which participants were told to shadow the message presented to the left ear. But they reported hearing the message “Dear Aunt Jane,” which starts in the left ear, jumps to the right ear, and then goes back to the left ear.
Dear Aunt Jane is an example of ___-______ processing!)
top-down (occurred because they were taking the meaning of the words into account)
Treisman proposed that selection occurs in two stages, and she replaced Broadbent’s filter with an _________.
attenuator
In Treisman’s model of selective attention, the attenuator analyzes the incoming message in terms of physical characteristics, language, and meaning. Attended messages pass through the attenuator at full strength, and unattended messages pass through with reduced strength.
attenuator
(1) physical characteristics—whether it is high-pitched or low-pitched, fast or slow;
(2) language—how the message groups into syllables or words; and
(3) meaning—how sequences of words create meaningful phrases.
According to Treisman’s model, once the attended and unattended messages have been identified, both messages pass through the attenuator, but the attended message emerges at full strength and the unattended messages are attenuated—they are still present but are weaker than the attended message. Because at least some of the unattended message gets through the attenuator, Treisman’s model has been called a “ ____ ______ _______’.
“leaky filter” model
A component of Treisman’s attenuation model of attention. This processing unit contains stored words and thresholds for activating the words.
dictionary unit
(The dictionary unit helps explain why we can sometimes hear a familiar word, such as our name, in an unattended message)
A _________ is the smallest signal strength that can barely be detected.
threshold
(a word with a low threshold might be detected even when it is presented softly or is obscured by other words)
According to Treisman, words that are common or especially important, such as the listener’s name, have ______ thresholds, so even a weak signal in the unattended channel can activate that word, and we hear our name from across the room.
low
Uncommon words or words that are unimportant to the listener have _______ thresholds, so it takes the strong signal of the attended message to activate these words. Thus, according to Treisman, the attended message gets through, plus some parts of the weaker, unattended messages.
higher
A model of selective attention that proposes that selection of stimuli for final processing does not occur until after the information in the message has been analyzed for meaning.
late selection models of attention (MacKay)
The idea that the ability to selectively attend to a task can depend both on the distracting stimulus and on the nature of the task has been studied by Nilli Lavie (2010), who introduced the concepts of processing capacity and perceptual load.
The amount of information input that a person can handle,___________ capacity. This sets a limit on the person’s ability to process information.
processing
Related to the difficulty of a task. Low-load tasks use only a small amount of a person’s processing capacity. High-load tasks use more of the processing capacity, ___________ load.
perceptual
Theory that proposes that the ability to ignore task-irrelevant stimuli depends on the load of the task the person is carrying out. High-load tasks result in less distraction, ______ theory of attention.
load
(This means that resources are available to process the task-irrelevant stimulus (like the cartoon character), and even though the person was told not to pay attention to the task-irrelevant stimulus, it gets processed and slows down responding)
The load theory of attention:
(a) Low-load tasks that use few cognitive resources may leave resources available for processing unattended task-irrelevant stimuli, whereas
(b) high-load tasks that use all of a person’s cognitive resources don’t leave any resources to process unattended task-irrelevant stimuli.
An effect originally studied by J. R. Stroop, using a task in which a person is instructed to respond to one aspect of a stimulus, such as the color of ink that a word is printed in, and ignore another aspect, such as the color that the word names. The _________ effect refers to the fact that people find this task difficult when, for example, the word RED is printed in blue ink.
Stroop
(This effect occurs because the names of the words cause a competing response and therefore slow responding to the target—the color of the ink. In the Stroop effect, the task-irrelevant stimuli are extremely powerful, because reading words is highly practiced and has become so automatic that it is difficult not to read them)
Central vision is the area you are looking at. Peripheral vision is everything off to the side. Because of the way the retina is constructed, objects in central vision fall on a small area called the fovea, which has much better detail vision than the peripheral retina, on which the rest of the scene falls. True/False
True
In problem solving, people’s tendency to focus on a specific characteristic of the problem that keeps them from arriving at a solution. In perception and attention, a pausing of the eyes on places of interest while observing a scene.
fixation
Eye movements from one fixation point to another.
saccadic eye movement
(a rapid, jerky movement from one fixation to the next)
Eyes move about _______ times per second.
three
Shifting of attention by moving the eyes.
overt attention
The physical properties of the stimulus, such as color, contrast, or movement,___________ salience.
stimulus
(Bottom-up process that determine attention to elements of a scene)
e.g. finding the people with blonde hair would involve bottom-up processing because it involves responding to the physical property of color, without considering the meaning of the image
The meaningfulness of the images, which is a top-down factor, does not contribute to stimulus salience. True/False
True
Map of a scene that indicates the stimulus salience of areas and objects in the scene.
saliency map
(e.g. the person in red would get high marks for salience, both for the brightness of the color and because it contrasts with the expanse of white, which has lower salience because it is homogeneous)
Scanning influenced by knowledge and preferences a person brings to the situation, __________ schemas.
scene
(an observer’s knowledge about what is contained in typical scenes -
top-down processing)
e.g. printer in the kitchen
“Just in time” strategy—eye movements occur just before we need the information they will provide. True/False
true
(the eye movement usually preceded a motor action by a fraction of a second, as when the person first fixated on the peanut butter jar and then reached over to pick it up)
scanning is influenced by people’s predictions about what is likely to happen. True/False
True