Week 4 - Attention Flashcards

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1
Q

The ability to focus on specific features, objects, or locations or on certain thoughts or activities.

A

attention

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2
Q

The ability to focus on one message and ignore all others.

A

selective attention
( focus on his math homework while ignoring the people talking)

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3
Q

Occurs when one stimulus interferes with attention to or the processing of another stimulus.

A

distraction

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4
Q

The ability to pay attention to, or carry out, two or more different tasks simultaneously.

A

divided attention
(Roger listening in on the conversation while simultaneously playing the game)

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5
Q

A rapid shifting of attention, usually caused by a stimulus such as a loud noise, bright light, or sudden movement.

A

attentional capture

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6
Q

Movement of the eyes from one location or object to another.

A

visual scanning
(Roger’s attempt to identify the people across the room, looking from one person’s face to another)

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7
Q

Model of attention that proposes a filter that lets attended stimuli through and blocks some or all of the unattended stimuli.

A

(Broadbent’s) filter model of attention,

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8
Q

Collin Cherry experiment presenting different stimuli to the left and right ears

A

dichotic listening
(the participant’s task in this experiment is to focus on the message in one ear, called the attended ear, and to repeat what he or she is hearing out loud)

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9
Q

The procedure of repeating the words as they are heard is called _________.

A

shadowing

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10
Q

The ability to focus on one stimulus while filtering out other stimuli, especially at a party where there are a lot of simultaneous conversations (e.g. hearing your name at the noisy party).

A

cocktail party effect

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11
Q

model of information processing:

A
  1. Sensory memory holds all of the incoming information for a fraction of a second and then transfers all of it to the filter.
  2. The filter identifies the message that is being attended to based on its physical characteristics—things like the speaker’s tone of voice, pitch, speed of talking, and accent—and lets only this attended message pass through to the detector in the next stage. All of the other messages are filtered out.
  3. The detector processes the information from the attended message to determine higher-level characteristics of the message, such as its meaning. Because only the important, attended information has been let through the filter, the detector processes all of the information that enters it.
  4. The output of the detector is sent to short-term memory, which holds information for 10–15 seconds and also transfers information into long-term memory, which can hold information indefinitely.
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12
Q

In Broadbent’s model of attention, the _________identifies the message that is being attended to based on its physical characteristics—things like the speaker’s tone of voice, pitch, speed of talking, and accent—and lets only this attended message pass through to the detector in the next stage.

A

filter

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13
Q

In Broadbent’s model of attention, the __________ processes the information from the attended message to determine higher-level characteristics of the message, such as its meaning.

A

detector

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14
Q

Broadbent’s model is called an early ________ _________ because the filter eliminates the unattended information right at the beginning of the flow of information.

A

selection model

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15
Q

According to Broadbent’s theory, the filter is supposed to let through only one message but Moray’s experiment showed that information presented to the unattended ear is processed enough to provide the listener with some awareness of its meaning. True/False

A

True (“Dear Aunt Jane” experiment in which participants were told to shadow the message presented to the left ear. But they reported hearing the message “Dear Aunt Jane,” which starts in the left ear, jumps to the right ear, and then goes back to the left ear.

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16
Q

Dear Aunt Jane is an example of ___-______ processing!)

A

top-down (occurred because they were taking the meaning of the words into account)

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17
Q

Treisman proposed that selection occurs in two stages, and she replaced Broadbent’s filter with an _________.

A

attenuator

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18
Q

In Treisman’s model of selective attention, the attenuator analyzes the incoming message in terms of physical characteristics, language, and meaning. Attended messages pass through the attenuator at full strength, and unattended messages pass through with reduced strength.

A

attenuator

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19
Q
A

(1) physical characteristics—whether it is high-pitched or low-pitched, fast or slow;
(2) language—how the message groups into syllables or words; and
(3) meaning—how sequences of words create meaningful phrases.

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20
Q

According to Treisman’s model, once the attended and unattended messages have been identified, both messages pass through the attenuator, but the attended message emerges at full strength and the unattended messages are attenuated—they are still present but are weaker than the attended message. Because at least some of the unattended message gets through the attenuator, Treisman’s model has been called a “ ____ ______ _______’.

A

“leaky filter” model

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21
Q

A component of Treisman’s attenuation model of attention. This processing unit contains stored words and thresholds for activating the words.

A

dictionary unit

(The dictionary unit helps explain why we can sometimes hear a familiar word, such as our name, in an unattended message)

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22
Q

A _________ is the smallest signal strength that can barely be detected.

A

threshold
(a word with a low threshold might be detected even when it is presented softly or is obscured by other words)

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23
Q

According to Treisman, words that are common or especially important, such as the listener’s name, have ______ thresholds, so even a weak signal in the unattended channel can activate that word, and we hear our name from across the room.

A

low

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24
Q

Uncommon words or words that are unimportant to the listener have _______ thresholds, so it takes the strong signal of the attended message to activate these words. Thus, according to Treisman, the attended message gets through, plus some parts of the weaker, unattended messages.

A

higher

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25
Q

A model of selective attention that proposes that selection of stimuli for final processing does not occur until after the information in the message has been analyzed for meaning.

A

late selection models of attention (MacKay)

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26
Q

The idea that the ability to selectively attend to a task can depend both on the distracting stimulus and on the nature of the task has been studied by Nilli Lavie (2010), who introduced the concepts of processing capacity and perceptual load.

A
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27
Q

The amount of information input that a person can handle,___________ capacity. This sets a limit on the person’s ability to process information.

A

processing

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28
Q

Related to the difficulty of a task. Low-load tasks use only a small amount of a person’s processing capacity. High-load tasks use more of the processing capacity, ___________ load.

A

perceptual

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29
Q

Theory that proposes that the ability to ignore task-irrelevant stimuli depends on the load of the task the person is carrying out. High-load tasks result in less distraction, ______ theory of attention.

A

load
(This means that resources are available to process the task-irrelevant stimulus (like the cartoon character), and even though the person was told not to pay attention to the task-irrelevant stimulus, it gets processed and slows down responding)

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30
Q

The load theory of attention:

A

(a) Low-load tasks that use few cognitive resources may leave resources available for processing unattended task-irrelevant stimuli, whereas
(b) high-load tasks that use all of a person’s cognitive resources don’t leave any resources to process unattended task-irrelevant stimuli.

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31
Q

An effect originally studied by J. R. Stroop, using a task in which a person is instructed to respond to one aspect of a stimulus, such as the color of ink that a word is printed in, and ignore another aspect, such as the color that the word names. The _________ effect refers to the fact that people find this task difficult when, for example, the word RED is printed in blue ink.

A

Stroop
(This effect occurs because the names of the words cause a competing response and therefore slow responding to the target—the color of the ink. In the Stroop effect, the task-irrelevant stimuli are extremely powerful, because reading words is highly practiced and has become so automatic that it is difficult not to read them)

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32
Q

Central vision is the area you are looking at. Peripheral vision is everything off to the side. Because of the way the retina is constructed, objects in central vision fall on a small area called the fovea, which has much better detail vision than the peripheral retina, on which the rest of the scene falls. True/False

A

True

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33
Q

In problem solving, people’s tendency to focus on a specific characteristic of the problem that keeps them from arriving at a solution. In perception and attention, a pausing of the eyes on places of interest while observing a scene.

A

fixation

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34
Q

Eye movements from one fixation point to another.

A

saccadic eye movement
(a rapid, jerky movement from one fixation to the next)

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35
Q

Eyes move about _______ times per second.

A

three

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36
Q

Shifting of attention by moving the eyes.

A

overt attention

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37
Q

The physical properties of the stimulus, such as color, contrast, or movement,___________ salience.

A

stimulus
(Bottom-up process that determine attention to elements of a scene)
e.g. finding the people with blonde hair would involve bottom-up processing because it involves responding to the physical property of color, without considering the meaning of the image

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38
Q

The meaningfulness of the images, which is a top-down factor, does not contribute to stimulus salience. True/False

A

True

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39
Q

Map of a scene that indicates the stimulus salience of areas and objects in the scene.

A

saliency map
(e.g. the person in red would get high marks for salience, both for the brightness of the color and because it contrasts with the expanse of white, which has lower salience because it is homogeneous)

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40
Q

Scanning influenced by knowledge and preferences a person brings to the situation, __________ schemas.

A

scene
(an observer’s knowledge about what is contained in typical scenes -
top-down processing)
e.g. printer in the kitchen

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41
Q

“Just in time” strategy—eye movements occur just before we need the information they will provide. True/False

A

true
(the eye movement usually preceded a motor action by a fraction of a second, as when the person first fixated on the peanut butter jar and then reached over to pick it up)

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42
Q

scanning is influenced by people’s predictions about what is likely to happen. True/False

A

True

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43
Q

Overt attention that is associated with eye movements, shifting attention by moving our eyes enables us to see places of interest more clearly. True/False

A

True

44
Q

Occurs when attention is shifted without moving the eyes, commonly referred to as seeing something “out of the corner of one’s eye.” Contrasts with Overt attention.

A

covert attention
(involves shifting attention “with the mind” as you might do when you are paying attention to something off to the side while still looking straight ahead)

45
Q

Posner’s procedure in which participants are given a cue that will usually help them carry out a subsequent task. This procedure has been used in visual attention experiments in which participants are presented with a cue that tells them where to direct their attention

A

precueing
(e.g. fixation on a cross and square appearing on the right)

46
Q

Occurs when the enhancing effect of attention spreads throughout an object, so that attention to one place on an object results in a facilitation of processing at other places on the object.

A

same-object advantage

47
Q

Occurs when the map of categories on the brain changes to make more space for categories that are being searched for as a person attends to a scene, attentional ____________.

A

warping
(e.g. looking for people also affects responding to groups and clothing)

48
Q

According to Schneider and Shiffrin, practice made it possible for participants to divide their attention to deal with all of the target and test items simultaneously. True/False

A

true

49
Q

Constant switching from one activity to another has been described as “continuous ______ ________”

A

partial attention

49
Q

Processing that occurs automatically, without the person’s intending to do it, and that also uses few cognitive resources.

A

automatic processing

Automatic processing is associated with easy or well-practiced tasks.
(e.g. driving somewhere and not remembering the trip, or locking house door, touch typing, messaging)

49
Q

Divided Attention Becomes More Difficult When Tasks Are Harder. True/False

A

True
(e.g. driving is automatic but if road conditions suddenly change more attention is needed)

49
Q

Thoughts that come from within a person, often unintentionally. In early research this was called daydreaming.

A

mind wandering/daydreaming
(people daydream half of the wake time)

49
Q

A procedure that was developed to answer the question, “what percentage of the time during the day are people engaged in a specific behavior?” One way this has been achieved is by having people report what they are doing when they receive signals at random times during the day.

A

Experience sampling

49
Q

mindless reading or zoned-out reading

A

while reading, when you suddenly realize that you have no idea what you’ve just read because you were thinking about something else

50
Q

Not noticing something even though it is in clear view, usually caused by failure to pay attention to the object or the place where the object is located, _____________ blindness.

A

Inattentional
(e.g. woman carrying an umbrella or a person in a gorilla suit)

51
Q

Occurs when inattention causes a person to miss an auditory stimulus. For example, experiments have shown that it is more difficult to detect a tone when engaged in a difficult visual search task, _____________ deafness.

A

inattentional

52
Q

Detecting differences between pictures or displays that are presented one after another.

A

change detection

53
Q

Difficulty in detecting changes in similar, but slightly different, scenes that are presented one after another. The changes are often easy to see once attention is directed to them but are usually undetected in the absence of appropriate attention, ___________ blindness.

A

change

54
Q

In film, changes that occur from one scene to another that do not match, such as when a character reaches for a croissant in one shot, which turns into a pancake in the next shot, _____________ errors.

A

continuity

55
Q

Process by which features such as color, form, motion, and location are combined to create perception of a coherent object.

A

binding
(e.g. “rolling red ball” is combination of color, movement, shape but perceived as just rolling red ball)

56
Q

The problem of explaining how an object’s individual features become bound together.

A

binding problem

57
Q

An approach to object perception, developed by Anne Treisman, that proposes a sequence of stages in which features are first analyzed and then combined to result in perception of an object.

A

feature integration theory

58
Q

The first stage of Treisman’s feature integration theory, in which an object is analyzed into its features.

A

preattentive stage
(occurs before we focus attention on an object, e.g. visual system noticing the red colour of the ball)

59
Q

The second stage of Treisman’s feature integration theory. According to the theory, attention causes the combination of features into perception of an object.

A

focused attention stage
(e.g. becoming aware that the red ball is rolling to the right)

60
Q
A

“visual alphabet”
(from individual letters to words)

61
Q

A situation, demonstrated in experiments by Anne Treisman, in which features from different objects are inappropriately combined.

A

illusory conjunctions
(e.g. interchanging colors - crime scene)

  • due to ‘free floating’ of objects in preattentative stage which in the next stage can be incorrectly paired.
62
Q

A condition caused by brain damage in which a person has difficulty focusing attention on individual objects.

A

Balint’s syndrome
(parietal lobe damage)

63
Q

Searching among distractors for a target that involves two or more features, such as “horizontal” and “green.”

A

conjunction search

64
Q

Searching among distractors for a target item that involves detecting one feature, such as “horizontal.”

A

feature search

65
Q

A network that controls attention based on stimulus salience.

A

ventral attention network

66
Q

A network that controls attention based on top-down processing.

A

dorsal attention network

67
Q

How easily activity can travel along a particular pathway between two structures.

A

effective connectivity

68
Q

Occurs when neural responses become synchronized in time, so positive and negative responses occur at the same time and with similar amplitudes.

A

synchronization
(It has been proposed that synchronization is a mechanism responsible for enhanced effective connectivity and enhanced communication between two areas that accompany shifts of attention)

69
Q

A number of processes that involve controlling attention and dealing with conflicting responses.

A

Executive functions

70
Q

A mechanism involved in dealing with conflicting stimuli. Related to executive function, inhibitory control, and willpower.

A

cognitive control

71
Q

Suppose you’re studying in the library and you hear someone else’s cell phone conversation, which, in turn, causes you to lose your focus on your work. This example illustrates ___.
a. attentional capture
b. divided attention
c. selective attention
d. distraction

A

d. distraction

72
Q

Yvonne is attempting to listen to a conversation from her friend while simultaneously being alert for an expected cell phone call. This example illustrates ___.
a. divided attention
b. attentional capture
c. selective attention
d. distraction

A

a. divided attention

73
Q

Suppose you’re at a loud party where you’re trying really hard to listen to a conversation that you’re having with a friend. In doing so, you’re showing ___.
a. divided attention
b. distraction
c. selective attention
d. attentional capture

A

c. selective attention

74
Q

What is the key difference between distraction and attentional capture?
a. load
b. intensity
c. sensation
d. meaning

A

b. intensity

75
Q

Which of the following should have the lowest threshold for being activated to attention according to Treisman?
a. an unfamiliar foreign phrase
b. an important technical term used at your father’s work
c. a medical condition that you’ve never heard of
d. your name

A

d. your name

76
Q

Low-load tasks are to high-load tasks as _____ is to _____.
a. difficult; easy
b. easy; difficult
c. attention; practice
d. practice; attention

A

b. easy; difficult

77
Q

Which of the following is the key factor in the cocktail party effect?
a. dictionary unit
b. scene schema
c. filter
d. attenuator

A

c. filter

78
Q

Suppose you’re scanning a photograph of a class picture and you briefly pause on one face. In doing so, you are showing ___.
a. a saccadic eye movement
b. a saliency map
c. fixation
d. processing capacity

A

c. fixation

79
Q

Which component of Broadbent’s model of attention is focused on the meaning of a stimulus?
a. filter
b. detector
c. dictionary unit
d. attenuator

A

b. detector

80
Q

Which term has been used to describe Treisman’s attenuation model?
a. warped
b. salient
c. late
d. leaky

A

d. leaky

81
Q

In the context of attention, perceptual load is focused on which concept?
a. physiology
b. difficulty
c. salience
d. quantity

A

b. difficulty

82
Q

Marvella is able to shell peas from her garden while watching TV because shelling peas is a ________ task.
a. high salience
b. low load
c. inattentional
d. precued

A

b. low load

83
Q

Who developed a test that demonstrates the distractive power of some task-irrelevant stimuli?
a. Balint
b. Stroop
c. MacKay
d. Treisman

A

b. Stroop

84
Q

If someone is suffering from Balint’s syndrome, then they would likely have damage to the ___ lobe of the brain.
a. frontal
b. parietal
c. temporal
d. occipital

A

b. parietal

85
Q

Because Robbie will be late to the big outdoor concert, he tells Serena to wear that ugly lime green top. This will increase Serena’s ________ so Robbie can find her in the crowd.
a. schema
b. load
c. salience
d. binding

A

c. salience

86
Q

Marisol was pleasantly surprised when she walked into the hospital to visit her father and saw an espresso bar and a four-piece jazz quartet playing. What caused Marisol’s response?
a. a low-load in her salience map
b. a deviation from her scene schema
c. a shift in her convert attention
d. a warping of her overt attention

A

b. a deviation from her scene schema

87
Q

Which term best reflects the act of scanning to direct attention?
a. subjective
b. illusory
c. anticipatory
d. fixated

A

c. anticipatory

88
Q

Rashid is working on the car in the garage when his son James rides down the driveway on his bike. Without looking up from under the hood, Rashid calls out, “You know you’re grounded, James. Get back in the house and wash the dishes!” How did Rashid know James was breaking the rules?
a. covert attention
b. change detection
c. inattentional blindness
d. experience sampling

A

a. covert attention

89
Q

Which of the following best reflects the function of human attention?
a. fishing pole
b. magnifying glass
c. flash drive
d. blender

A

b. magnifying glass

90
Q

Attentional warping involves which of the following?
a. a switch to peripheral vision
b. an expansion of brain maps
c. a shift in overt attention
d. an excess of daydreaming

A

b. an expansion of brain maps

91
Q

Which of the following best reflects the amount of learning required for participants to engage in automatic processing during Schneider and Shiffrin’s “divided attention” experiment?
a. none
b. a small amount
c. a moderate amount
d. a large amount

A

d. a large amount

92
Q

Which of the following is NOT required for a person to engage in automatic processing?
a. sense memory
b. intent
c. cognition
d. attention

A

b. intent

92
Q

Peter was so stressed about his presentation tomorrow that he was surprised to find himself pulling into his driveway after work. He didn’t remember one bit of what is usually a nasty commute on packed roads. What enabled Peter to make it home safely?
a. attentional warping
b. automatic processing
c. experience sampling
d. brain mapping

A

b. automatic processing

93
Q

Based on research, the driver’s lack of attention 3 seconds before an accident plays a role in how many traffic accidents?
a. about a third
b. more than half
c. nearly two-thirds
d. over three-fourths

A

d. over three-fourths

94
Q

When you check WhatsApp on your phone and see two new messages, you will be more likely to check WhatsApp again later—even if you’re in a classroom or at dinner—because your behavior has been ________.
a. sampled
b. automatic
c. mapped
d. reinforced

A

d. reinforced

95
Q

Many students claim that they are highly skilled at multitasking. What would a cognitive psychologist call this activity?
a. divided perceptual salience
b. continuous partial attention
c. allocated attentional capture
d. attenuated load processing

A

b. continuous partial attention

96
Q

When is a person most likely to engage in mind wandering?
a. while eating
b. at church
c. at work
d. during sex

A

c. at work

97
Q

For decades, children waiting to see the dentist have done a familiar challenge in Highlights magazine. They compare two illustrations that look almost identical and try to identify 15 things that are different. What are the children engaging in?
a. dichotic viewing
b. divided attention
c. Stroop testing
d. change detection

A

d. change detection

98
Q

When Skylar was young, he loved his favorite toy clown. It had a rainbow polka-dot suit, fuzzy green hair, long brown shoes, and a big red nose. Which of the following enabled Skylar to see a clown and not just a collection of bright colors?
a. sampling
b. warping
c. binding
d. conjunction

A

c. binding

99
Q

Which of the following controls the attention of someone who is trying to locate a blonde friend wearing a red shirt in a crowd?
a. limbic attention network
b. dorsal attention network
c. parietal attention network
d. ventral attention network

A

d. ventral attention network