Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psychophysiology > Week 6 - Language and Strokes > Flashcards

Week 6 - Language and Strokes Flashcards

1
Q

Larynx changed

A

Larynx changed, more sounds, greater vulnerability to choking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Language is on what side for more people (laterlization)

A

Left

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What happens for language on the right side of the brain

A

narrative speech, map-reading, prosody, ALSO language

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Difference between left and right handers

A

Left handers have less lateralization (might be able to maintain more skills in a stroke)

Left handers make up 10% of populations

Left handers suspected to be smarter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Difference between left and right handers

A

Left handers have less lateralization (might be able to maintain more skills in a stroke)

Left handers make up 10% of populations

Left handers suspected to be smarte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Die out of langagues

A

6,000 languages exist, one language dies every 14 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Aphasia

A

loss of ability to understand or express speech, caused by brain damage (stroke, TBI)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Most common type of stroke to produce aphasia?

A

L MCA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Broca’s Aphasia

A

Broken, not fluent –> hard time with speech production (broken, not fluid) BUT they can understand fine

Occurs anterior to motor cortex, leads to impaired speech production (think motor, need motor skills to produce language)

Expressive aphasia (condition where a person may understand speech, but they have difficulty speaking fluently themselves)

Worsens with anxiety or pressure demands

Genearlly aware they have it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Wernicke’s Aphasia

A

Fluent –> speak fluently, cannot understand others

Occurs: posterior portion of temporal lobe and by the primary auditory cortex (impaired comprehension, think temporal, can’t process speech)

Receptive aphasia (when someone is able to speak well and use long sentences, but what they say may not make sense)

Impaired language comprehension

Often unaware

**can occur in those who are deaf

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Receptive vs expressive aphasia

A

Receptive: Wernicke’s (they can speak fine, but doesn’t make sense)

Expressive: Brocas (can express language, can’t understand)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Broca’s vs Wernicke’s area in the brain

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Other names for strokes

A

Infarcts (tissue necrosis d/t stroke)

CVA (cerebrovascular accident)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Definition of strokes ands rates

A

occurs when something blocks blood supply to part of the brain or
when a blood vessel in the brain bursts.

Incidence: over 750,000 in US per year (top injury in hospital)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Risk Factors of CVDs

A

Hypertension

Diabetes

Smoking

Obstructive sleep apnea

Obesity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Hypertension: risk factors for strokes

A
  • 77% of individuals first strokes have BPs higher than 140/90
  • 50% have history of hypertension
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Diabetes: risk factors for strokes

A
  • 3x increased risk of ischemic strokes
  • heightened risk in african americans and whites
  • hyperglycemia at stroke onset increase chance of brain damage
18
Q

Smoking: risk factors for strokes

A

Increase heart rate and blood pressure decrease your arterial distensibility (less able your arteries are able to construct and un-restrict)

Secondhand smoke means equal risk

19
Q

Obstructive sleep apnea: risk factors for strokes

A

Prevalance in stroke patients: 60%

Independently increases risk by 4x

linked to other factors

CPAP and BiPAP reduce risk

20
Q

Obesity: risk factors for strokes

A

Abdonminal obesity > greate than total body obesity

linked ot multiple other risk factors

21
Q

Stroke types

A

Ischemic: obstructs flow of blood

Hemorrhagic: caused by bleeding in the brain

Transient ischemic attack: stroke that lasts only a few minutes
- 1/3 will eventually have a stroke

22
Q

Rates of ischemic vs hemorrhagic

A

88% Ischemic; 12% Hemorrhagic

23
Q

Brain scan Ischemic and Hemorrhagic

A

*remember, left is right and right is left.

Ischemic you are seeing dead cells, H you are seeing blood (blood shows white on scans)

24
Q

Two types of ischemic strokes

A

thrombus: is a blood clot in blood vessels

embolus: a piece of material that
breaks off and is carried through the bloodstream until it reaches an artery too small to pass through

25
Q

initial damage done by ischemic stroke

A

Initial Damage in Ischemic stroke d/t Glutamate Ecotoxicity

CELL DEATH

Immediate cause of neuron death is the presence of excessive amounts of glutamate.
- Decreased O2 leads = Neural membranes become
depolarized = ↑ Glutamate
- NMDA Receptors become over-stimulated
- Inflammation attracts microglia
- Microglia attracts WBC that attach to the region
- this all leads to cell death

26
Q

Non-modifiable risk factors

A

age
race
family history

27
Q

Circle of Willis

A

where the internal carotid arteries branch into
smaller arteries that supply oxygenated blood to over 80% of the cerebrum.

28
Q

Three main brain arteries

A

anterior cerebral artery

middle cerebral artery

posterior cerebral artery

29
Q

Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA) Stroke – General

A

90% of strokes

largest of the brain arteries

supplies most of the outer surface of the frontal, parietal, temporal lobes and the basal ganglia –> INCLUDING pre-central (sensory) and post-central (mortor) gyrus

30
Q

MCA Stroke Symptoms

A

Contralateral weaknesses and sensory loss in upper extremities
–> remember: left effects right

Loss of visual field

Left MCA stroke: speech deficits
- brocas
- wernickes

Right MCA stroke: neglect and poor movitation
- flat prosody
- ex. neglect of left side, won’t notice if left art stuck in door

31
Q

Anterior cerebral artery (ACA) stroke – general

A

Less common (left ACA more common than R ACA)

Feeds deep structures in brain, frontal, parietal, corupus callosum, and bottom of cerebrum

32
Q

Anterior cerebral artery (ACA) stroke – symptoms

A

Contralateral motry and sensory loss in lower extremeties

poor gait and coordination (clumsy)

slowed initiation (abulia) –> takes longer to do things

flat affect

urinary incontinence

33
Q

ACA vs MCA strokes

A

ACA: contralateral lower extremity deficits

MCA: contralateral upper extremity and face deficits

34
Q

Posterior cerebral artery (PCA) stroke

A

5-10% of strokes

occipital

Symptoms:
- impaires consciousness
- nausea/vomiting
- ataxia (poor motor coordination)
- vision changes
- nystagmus (eyes shifting)

35
Q

Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs)

A

Most common in TIAs

Tangle of arteries and veins without connecting capillaries

Aquired through inborn genetic mutation followed by secondary mutation (1-2% of strokes)

Variable size (2mm to cm)

Damage:
- compression of neighboring structures
- stealing of blood flow from surrounding regions

Presentation:
- sx onset between 10-40
- intracranial hemorrhage most common presentation

36
Q

Post stroke depression treatment

A

Early psychopharmacologic treatment is KEY

37
Q

Psychiatric Considerations Post-Stroke: Depression

A

GET THEM ON MEDS, therapy not enough

  • Post stroke depression = 1/3 of survivors
  • 6x ↑ risk of depression 2-3 years post stroke
  • More common in L frontal and basal ganglia strokes
  • adversely effects functional recovery
  • ↑ Risk Factors = Premorbid depression & Social
    isolation post stroke
38
Q

Psychiatric Considerations Post-Stroke: Anxiety

A

1/4 meet GAD criteria post stroke

less common

39
Q

Psychiatric Considerations Post-Stroke: Psychosis

A
  • More common in right-temporo-parietal-occipito
    area lesions, seizures, and subcortical atrophy
  • Pseudobulbar Affect (episodes of sudden uncontrollable and inappropriate laughing or crying) = 10-15% post stroke patients
  • Hypomanic symptoms = 1%
40
Q

If you suspect a stroke, BE FAST

This is on quiz

A
41
Q

What can you administer to help stroke (why important to be fast)

A

Tissue Plasminogen (tPA) can be administered within 4.5 hours

  • helps to restore blood flow to brain regions affected by a stroke, thereby limiting the risk of damage and functional impairment
  • After that time, has hemorrhagic effect

Psychophysiology (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions