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Psychophysiology > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Psychophysiology

A

relationship between physiological signals recorded from the body and brain to
mental processes and disorders.

AKA the relationship between our physiology and behavior.

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2
Q

Human vs 4-legged animal terms

A

bipedal - human

quadrupedal - dog

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3
Q

Neuraxis

A

imaginary line drawn through the base of the spinal chord to the front of the brain, use to help with directions

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4
Q

Cephalic Flexure

A

The part of the neuroaxis that Curvesbetween the brainstem and the forebrain

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5
Q

Directions: Anterior/Rostral and Posterior/Caudal

A

Anterior/Rostral is toward the head

Posterior/Caudal is toward the tail.

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6
Q

Directions: Dorsal and Ventral

A

Dorsal is toward top of head or back

Ventral towards front surface facing belly

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7
Q

Directions: Lateral and Medial

A

Lateral: towards the side

Medial: towards the midline (neuraxis)

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8
Q

Directions: Labeled on a brain

A
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9
Q

Directions: ipsalateral and contralateral

A
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10
Q

Directions: Unilateral and bilateral

A
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11
Q

Directions: Proximal and Distal

A
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12
Q

Cross sections of the brain

A

Coronal: cross sections

Horizonal: parallel to ground

Sagittal planes: perpendicular to the ground and parallel to neuroaxsis (midsagittal plan divides directly in half)

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13
Q

MRI vs CT

A

Both provide pictures of brains

MRI has more detailed tissue, less detailed bone, very expensive, maybe risky, much longer

CT is less detailed tissue but more detailed bony structures, cheaper with no risks, quick

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14
Q

Nervous system: overall

A

Helps parts of body communicate, takes in information through our senses, processess that info and triggers reactions using chemical and electrical signals

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15
Q

2 core parts of the nervous system

A

Central Nervous System (CNS)= Brain and spiral chord
- main function: homeostasis, interpreting sensory info, creating motor responses, learning, thinking

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)= nerves that branch off spinal cord and extend to all parts of the body
- main function: relay between the CNS and the rest of the body

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16
Q

The brain controls

A

thoughts
memory
emotions
touch
motor skills
vision
breathing
temperature
hunger

AKA: every process that regulates our body

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17
Q

the brain has 3 levels of protection:

A

skull/cranium
meninges
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

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18
Q

Level one brain protection: Cranium/skulll

A

made like a jigsaw puzzle so it breaks apart well if impacted

Overall 22 pieces but cranium has 8 main bones

Takes 1100 lbs to break

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19
Q

Level one brain protection: Cranium/skulll – STRONGEST and WEAKEST bones

A

Pterion= weakest point

Jawbone= strongest

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20
Q

Level two brain protection: Meninges

A

Protective sheaths around the brain and spinal cord.

Three layers:

  • Dura Mater: thick and tough outer layer
  • Arachnoid Membrane: Soft and spongy middle (subarachnoid space: gap filed with CSF
  • Pia Mater: around every surface, smalls surface cells
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21
Q

Level three brain protection: CSF/the Ventricular System - GENERAL

A

CSF provides protection, nourishment, and waste removal

  • clear, colorless body fluid, that contains metabolic products, ependymal cells, and neurotransmitters
  • Produced in the CHOROID PLEXUS of the ventricles of the brain
  • The ventricular system produces and secretes CSF
22
Q

Level three brain protection: CSF/the Ventricular System - PATH

A

Lateral ventricles (2)

Inerventricular foramina (2)

3rd ventricle

Cerebral aqueduct

4th ventricle

central canal to spine

BLOCKAGE: hydocephalus

23
Q

Brain energy uses

A

Brain uses:
- 20% of total resting oxygen
- 15-20% of total blood flow goes to the brain
- 60% of glucose metabolism

Energy Division:
–Approx. 25% = maintaining neurons and glial cells
–Approx. 75% = electrical signaling across the brain’s circuits.

24
Q

CNS Development

A

Neural tube = serves as the
embryonic brain and spinal cord the,
the central nervous system –> Divides to form basic brain regions.

Neuronal migration = brings neuronal cells to their locations –> neurons branch to form synapses

25
Q

Apoptosis

A

planned and purposeful neuronal cell death, removal of damages or unneeded neurons
ex. stop sending cells to umbilical chord when no longer need it

Necrosis: unplanned and uncontrolled
ex. radiation

26
Q

Synaptic Pruning

A

Synaptic Pruning = a natural process that occurs in the brain between early
childhood and adulthood. During synaptic pruning, the brain eliminates
extra synapses. –> this helps your brain be more EFFICIENT

Ex. use it or loose it, why can’t learn morphemes after certain age

27
Q

Synaptic pruning vs apoptosis

A

Apotosis: CELL DEATH

Synaptic Pruning: ELIMINATES SYNAPSES

28
Q

Difficulties with synaptic pruning

A

Too much or too little pruning is bad!

too few synapses correlated with schzio.

Too many synapses correlated with ASD

29
Q

Brain divisions - chart

A

MEMORIZE THIS

Forebrain
midbrain
hindbrain

30
Q

Brain division - image

A
31
Q

Olfactory bulb

A

Smell center. Right near hipocampus, which is why smell is associated with memory

32
Q

Telencephalon

A

Largest component of the brain, covered by term cerebral cortex –> higher level stuff

Two hemispheres joined by corpus callosum

divided into four lobes (see next slide)

Has Convolutions (grooves, see next slides)

33
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

Joines two hemispheres, what you split in a labotomy

34
Q

Four lobes of telencephalon

A

frontal
parietal
temporal
occipital

35
Q

Convolutions

A

Sulci = small grooves

Fissures = large grooves

Gyri = bulges between the sulci and fissures (increase the S.A. by 3x)

36
Q

Components of the cortex (telencephalon)

A

Made up of glia, cell bodies,
dendrites & axons

Gray on outside because of cell bodies (glial are gray)

white on the inside because of mylenated cells (cells that are covered in lipid layer to increase insulation which increases firing speed)

37
Q

Glial Cells

A

Think gray, glial

They are supportive and nourishing cells, 10-50 more times than neurons

lots in brain like lots

38
Q

Main sulci and gyri

A

Central sulcus: boundary between frontal and parietal lobe

Precentral gyrus: location of primary motor cortex

Postcentral gyrus: location of somatosensory cortex (all senses except smell and taste)

39
Q

Forebrain lobe functions

A

Helpful: remember we develop back to front

Frontal: executive functions (emotion regulation, planning)

Prefrontal Cortex: main planing and strategizing

Parietal: integrating sensory information like touch

Temporal lobe: processing sensory information, like hearing, language, memory

Occipital lobe: visual processing

40
Q

Homonculus

A

Model that reflects the amount of brain tissue that goes to sensory/motor neurons for that part

(mouth has a lot, so does hand, etc.)

41
Q

Limbic system

A

basal ganglia, limbic system, thalmaus, and hypothalamus –> both in telencephalon and diencephalon

emotion regulation system! –> emotion, motivation, learning, memory

42
Q

Main parts of the limbic system

A

Thalamus: relay station

Hypothalamus: homeostasis

Amygdala: emotion center (almond)

Hippocampus: memory

Basal ganglia: dopamine center, motor movement

43
Q

What happens to limbic system in pubery

A

more controlled by the PFC

44
Q

Amygdala

A

shaped like almond

emotional center

Flight or fight response

Learning of reward and punishment

memory consolidation

PTSD: increased activity

45
Q

Hippocamps

A

shaped like seahorse?

formation of new memories

next to olfactory bulb (memory and smell linked(

When damaged: memory loss, disorientation ex. dimentia

46
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

Part of limbic system

Controls motor movement, motor learning, executive functions and behaviors, and emotions –> like smooth motor leraning (like riding a bike)

Modulated by dopamine that is made in susbtania nigra

  • Dopamine dysfunction: movement disorders (parkingsons), dystonia, tics, etc.
47
Q

Substania Nigra

A

Produces dopamine

48
Q

Lateralization

A

tendency of different hemispheres to hvae specialized function

Only somewhat true

(debunked broca, etc.)

What is true? we see more firing on the left for language and analysis, and more firing for attention and synthesis on the right side

49
Q

Cultural considerations

A
50
Q

Telencephalon vs diencephalon

A

“neocortex aka cerebrum” largest division of the brain. 4 lobes (frontal, occipital, temporal and
parietal). Also contains the Precentral gyrus (primary motor cortex) and post-central gyrus (primary somatosensory
cortex). Homunculus represents amount of brain tissue and motor/sensory nerves devoted to an area of the body

Diencephalon – contains the thalamus (“relay station”) and hypothalamus (homeostasis).

Limbic System crosses both the telencephalon and diencephalon. 5 main components (thalamus, hypothalamus,
amygdala, hippocampus, basal ganglia).

Psychophysiology (13 decks)

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