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Psychophysiology > Week 2 > Flashcards

Week 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Midbrain consists of:

A

Ventricle: cerebral aqueduct

Subdivision: Mesencephalon

Principle Structures: Tectum and Tegmentum

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2
Q

“phalon”s

A
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3
Q

Midbrain function

A

Mesencephalon

Important functions in motor movement, serves as pathway between spinal chord, cerebellum, and forebrain

part of the brainstem

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4
Q

Tectum

A

Part of the mesencephalon/midbrain.

Tectum= roof

Principle structures:
- Superior colliculi: visual reflects/object tracking (orienting)
- Inferior colliculi: auditory system in the ear

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5
Q

Tegmentum

A

Covering

Wraps around the cerebral aqueduct (connects the third and the fourth ventricle)

Includes:
PAG (periaqueductal gray matter)
Raphe (red) nucleus
Substantia Nigra (black)

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6
Q

PAG (periaqueductal gray matter)

A

Pain modulation, opens and closes pain response (this is where endo and exo opioids act)

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7
Q

Raphe (red) nucleus

A

Coordination of sensorimotor information
synthesizes serotonin (helps put pieces togeether)
SSRIS have large impact here

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8
Q

Substania Nigra (black)

A

Key role in dopamine production (works with BG)

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9
Q

Cerebral peduncles

A

attach cerebrum to brainstem

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10
Q

Corticospinal tract

A

shows how motor information passes up and down the body. “I want to kick that soccer ball”

Have sensory and motor component.

If you are kicking with your right foot, its done on our left side of the brain. For motor, decasation (crossing over) happens at midbrain. After level of decasation, what happens on the bottom is processed on the opposite side

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11
Q

Hindbrain consists of

A

Ventricle: fourth

Subdivision: metencephalon and myelencephalon

Principle structures: cerebellum, pons, medula oblongata

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12
Q

Metecencephalon (“afterbrain”) consists of

A
  • pon
  • cerebellum
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13
Q

Myelencephalon consists of

A

Medulla oblongata

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14
Q

Cerebellum

A

Part of metencephalon, called “little brain”

Attached to pons by cerebellar peduncles

Posture, balance, fine motor movement (ataxia),
motor learning (works w/BG), proprioception (knowing where your body is in space)

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15
Q

Pons

A

Part of metencephalon, called “bridge”

Translates signals b/t the cerebellum and cerebrum
(e.g., sensory cues, motor information)

Regulates breathing and arousal

Damage (stroke, trauma, late-stage ALS) = locked-in
syndrome (complete paralysis but can blink)

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16
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

Part of the Myelencephalon

Controls basic function of the autonomic nervous system like:
- breathing
- cardiac function
- vasodilation
- reflexes (vomiting, coughing, sneezing, swallowing)

Damage or enlargement = respiratory failure, paralysis, loss of sensation.

Salamander: took out everything except medulla oblongata, survived

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17
Q

Reticular formation

A

Security guard of your brain

Complex network of neurons located in the brain stem

Connects thalamus and hypothalamus

Supports feeling alert, and filter incoming information
–> if you hear continuous beeping, you start to filter out so you can engage in your enviornment

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18
Q

Spinal Cord

A

Connected to brain through brain stem

Long bundle of nerve tissue

sends motor commands from the brain to the body, sends sensory information from the body to the brain, and coordinate reflexes

Three sections:
- cervical spinal chord: sends nerves to face and neck
- thoracic spinal chord: sends nerves to arms, chest, abdomen
- lumbar-sacral spinal chord: sends nerves to lower body

At the bottom: cauda equina (bunch of nerves)

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19
Q

Spinal nerves

A

Relay sensory information to the brain from the body and vice versa (also control reflexes)

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20
Q

Spinal cord injury

A

Can be complete (total severance) or incomplete.

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21
Q

Types of neurons in your Somatic Nervous System (NS)

A

Sensory neurons: carry signal from outer parts (periphery) into CNS

Motor neurons: carry signals from teh CNS to the out parts (muscle, skin, glands) of your body

Interneurons: connect various neurons within the brain and spinal cord

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22
Q

Somatic NS made up of

A

Spinal Nerves: They are
mixed nerves that carry
sensory information into and
motor commands out of the
spinal cord.

Cranial Nerves: They are the
nerve fibers that carry
information into and out of the
brain stem.

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23
Q

CNS vs PNS

A

CNS: Brain, spinal cord. Contains interneurons (relay neurons)

PNS: composed of cranial, spinal, and peripheral nerves. Contains sensory neurons and motor neurons

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24
Q

Spinal Nerves

A

Nerves that leave the vetebral column and travel to the muscles or sensory receptors they inntervate (or supply)

Afferent axons bring information toward the CNS

Efferent axons sending information outward (think E for exit)

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25
Q

Reflex Arc

A

Touch hot pan. your sensory neurons bring information to your spinal and reflex arc. Tells motor neuron to drop pan

Doesn’t go to brain, takes too long

26
Q

Dermatome vs myotome

A

Dermatome: areas of skin on your body that rely on specific nerve connections on your spine.
- check with light prick

Myotome: A group of muscles innervated by a single spinal nerve
- check with sharper obect

Check to see if there is an issue

27
Q

ASIA Impairment Scale

A

Spinal Chord can be motor and sensory loss

Nothing you can do with A

With below, you can try to move one (from C to D)

28
Q

Cranial nerves

A

12 pairs

most serve sensory and motor functions of teh head and neck region

Includes vagus nerve

29
Q

Vagus nerve

A

Regulates the function of organs in the thoracic and abdominal cavities

Longest cranial nerve

Helps body exit fight or flight (helps autonomic, even though in somatic)

30
Q

Autonomic NS

A

Consists of two anatomically separate systems:

Sympathetic division (fight, flight, freeze, fawn)

Paraympathetic division (rest and digset)

31
Q

Sympathetic NS

A

Part of autonomic NS

fight, flight, freeze, fawn

–Controls functions that accompany arousal and expenditure of energy
–Coordinates responses to a stressor
–Aka Thoracolumbar System

32
Q

Parasympathetic division

A

Part of autonomic NS

Rest and digest

Involved with increases in body’s supply of stored energy

Coordinates rest and relax responses after the body has been stressed

Aka Craniosacral System

Vagus Nerve responsible for the calming following a stressful situation

33
Q

Para vs sympt. nervous system

A
34
Q

Nervous system overview

A

Two basic divisions:
– Central nervous system (CNS) (Brain and spinal cord)
– Peripheral nervous system (PNS) (Outside the brain and spinal cord)

CNS communicates to rest of body via nerves

Three types of neurons
▪ Sensory neurons
▪ Motor neurons
▪ Interneurons

*These neurons perform functions essential to tasks such as perceiving, learning, remembering, deciding, and controlling complex behaviors.

35
Q

Neruons

A

Most basic information processing and information transmitting element of the nervous system

Four main structurs:
- cell body (soma)
- Dendrites
- axon
- terminal buttons

36
Q

Polar neurons

A

Multipolar neurons:
- Most common
– One axon to multiple trunks

Bipolar neurons
– Interneurons
– One axon & one dendritic tree
– Soma in middle of axon

Unipolar neurons
– One stalk
– Usually sensory

37
Q

Soma

A

Contains nucleus

shape varies

38
Q

Dendrite

A

Dendrites are a branched, treelike structure
attached to the soma of a neuron

receives information transmitted across synapse.

Neurons “converse” with one another, and
dendrites are recipients of these messages

39
Q

Axons

A

Axons are long, thin, cylindrical structures

Axon Hillock = gate keeper of whether an
action potential is strong enough

Carries information from cell body to
terminal buttons/axon terminal
- Action potential is basic message

40
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

Myelin sheath surrounds axons and insulates them

Produced by Oligodendrocytes

Costly to make so not all get it

Demyelinating diseases (multiple sclerosis)

41
Q

Terminal buttons/axon terminals

A

Buds at the end of a brunch of an axon, forms synapses with another neuron

Secretes chemicals called neurotransmitters

42
Q

Synapse

A

Points of contact between neurons where information is passed from one neuron to the next

Form between axons and dendrites

Consist of:
* Presynaptic neuron
* Synaptic cleft
* Post synaptic neuron

43
Q

Glial cells

A

“glue”

provide nutrients to neurons

three main types
- microglia
- astrocytes
- oligodendrocytes

44
Q

Microglia

A

Smallest glia

clean up dead cells

protect brain from invading microorganisms/toxins

If you have trauma to the brain, your glial cells go crazy, and send inflammatroy stuff –> but they don’t always know when to stop, which leads to neurdegnereation (too much inflammatory response)
–> especially hard time stopping when its repeated trauma (repeated alcohol use, repeated TBI)

45
Q

Astrocytes

A

Star shaped

neruon “glue” holds them in place

sweeps away debris

Provides nourishment via transfer of fuel (neurons use lots of fuel but can’t store it)

Provide electric insulation for unmyelinated nuerons

46
Q

Oliogodendrocytes

A

Produces myelin in form of a tube by wrapping itself around the axon

Does this in segments, and the gaps are called nodes of ranvier

47
Q

Blood Brain Barrier (BBB)

A

Basically a filter. Its selectively permeable

Blocks all molecules except:
- lipid soluble
- special sugars
- water

Some things it can’t filter (like new medications)

48
Q

Chemotherapy and the BBB

A

In primary CNS (brain tumors) you want chemo to cross the BBB

Chemo weakens BBB, which increases crossing

leads to cancer related cognitive impairment (Chemo Brain)

49
Q

Reflexes and Inhibition

A
50
Q

Ion movements within a cell

A

Diffusion:

Electrostatic pressure

Sodium-potassium pump

51
Q

Diffusion

A

movement of molecules from region of high concentration to low to have equilibrium

52
Q

Electrostatic Pressure

A

force exerted by attraction or repulsion to move ions from place to place

– Substances that break into two parts with opposing electrical charges=electrolytes

parts are ions

cations are positive

Anions are negative

53
Q

Sodium-potassium pump

A

protein molecules embedded in the membrane

Works to keep the ion concentrations stable even as ions cross the membrane at rest

Continuously pushes Na+ (sodium ions) out of the axon = maintains RESTING POTENTIAL

54
Q

Resting/Membrane Potential

A

A resting (non-signaling) neuron has a voltage across its membrane called the resting membrane potential,
or simply the resting potential.

The resting potential is determined by concentration gradients of ions across the membrane and by
membrane permeability to each type of ion.
- Outside: high Na, Ca, and Cl
- inside: high K

IF -70 more negative inside, you have resting membrane potential

55
Q

Action potential

A

Rapid burst of depolarization followed by hyper-polarization
– occurs because of diffusion and electrostatic pressure

Depolarization: less negative on inside (reduction of membrane potential)

Decrease in electrial charge is a decrease in membrane potential

Hypoerpolarization: increase in membrane potential

56
Q

Conduction of action potential

A

All or none law: can’t partially fire

Rate law: strength of stimuli affects the rate of firing, but not the amplitude of each action potential (thats the same)(

57
Q

Salatory conduction

A

In myelinated fibers, depolar. and repolar. occur from one node of ranvier to the next instead of the entire area of the membrane

economic and speedy

58
Q

Synaptic transmission

A

Primary means by which neuron communicates across a synapse

Synaptic vesicles are mde of membrane and filled with neurotransmitters

Snyaptic cleft: space between pre and post synaptic membrane

See image for process

59
Q

Creation of axtion potential in next cell

A

neurotransmitters exert effects by attatching to binding sites/receptors

Binding opens neurotransmitter-dependent ion channels (lock and key)

Channels open which creates a post-synaptic potential

60
Q

types of post-synaptic potential

A

Determined by characteristics of postsynaptic receptors/type of ion channel they open

Excitatory: sodium channel opened, depolarizing

Inhibitory: potassium channel opens, hyperpolarizing

61
Q

Termination of postsynaptic potentials

A

Termination by 2 mechanisms:

Reuptake: an extremely rapid removal of a
neurotransmitter from the synaptic cleft by the
terminal button

Enzymatic deactivation/degradation:
accomplished by enzyme that destroys molecules
of the neurotransmitter

Psychophysiology (13 decks)

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