Week 6: barriers to critical thinking

Question 1

a tendency to favour one thing over another.

Answer 1

bias

Question 2

the mindset in which one considers himself or herself to be the center of everything

Answer 2

egocentrism

Question 3

the belief of having higher or better moral standards than other people.

Answer 3

self-righteousness

Question 4

the act of claiming to have certain moral standards and beliefs while displaying behaviours and actions that prove otherwise

Answer 4

hypocrisy

Question 5

defined as trying to save one’s reputation after making a mistake or trying to prevent others from noticing that a mistake has been made.

Answer 5

saving face

Question 6

the discomfort that is felt when faced with a new beliefs or ideas that contradict pre-existing ones

Answer 6

cognitive dissonance

Question 7

an opinion about a person, thing, or subject that is not based on critical thinking

Answer 7

prejudice

Question 8

a generalized description given to members of a particular group

Answer 8

stereotype

Question 9

a process in which individuals are trained to act in a manner that is deemed proper by society that they belong in

Answer 9

social conditioning

Question 10

the act of following the standards that we observe in groups that we belong to

Answer 10

social conformity

Question 11

a mindset or a point of view in which an individual judges the rest of the world based on the rules and values of his or her own social group.

Answer 11

sociocentrism

Question 12

a mindset or a point of view in which an individual judges a certain ethnicity based on the rules and values of his or her own social group.

Answer 12

ethnocentrism

Question 13

a type of bias in which our general impression of a person, especially a celebrity, irrationally affects our opinion of that person’s specific qualities.

Answer 13

halo effect

Question 14

a belief or a practice that is based on the supernatural.

Answer 14

superstition

Question 15

In Logic and Philosophy, what is a statement or series of statements

Answer 15

an argument

Question 16

an error in an argument.

Answer 16

logical fallacy

Question 17

10 common logical fallacies that you may encounter in real life:

Answer 17

1. Ad hominem
2. gambler’s fallacy
3. False Dilemma or False Dichotomy
4. hasty generalization
5. straw man
6. circular argument
7. false analogy
8. Non Sequitur
9. post hoc fallacy
10. slippery slope fallacy

Question 18

a fallacy that is used to counter an argument by questioning the person who made the argument instead of the argument itself.

Answer 18

ad hominem

Question 19

the incorrect assumption that because something is happening frequently in the past, it will happen again in the future

Answer 19

gambler’s fallacy

Question 20

a fallacy in which only a limited number of choices are presented without considering others that may exist

Answer 20

False Dilemma or False Dichotomy

Question 21

As the name implies, it happens when a conclusion or generalization is made without considering all the variables

Answer 21

hasty generalization

Question 22

a fallacy in which one distorts or exaggerates an opposing argument

Answer 22

straw man

Question 23

a fallacy in which the conclusion of the argument is also used as the premise. Basically, a circular argument goes like this “A is true because A is true”

Answer 23

circular argument

Question 24

a fallacy in which one tries to prove a point by comparing it to something that may look similar but is not really logically connected

Answer 24

false analogy

Question 25

a fallacy in which the conclusion does not follow the premise

Answer 25

Non Sequitur

Question 26

falsely assumes that something that happened before an event is the cause of that event

Answer 26

post hoc fallacy

Question 27

is the assumption that if an event occurs, other events, which are not logically connected, will inevitably follow.

Answer 27

slippery slope fallacy