Week 6: barriers to critical thinking Flashcards
a tendency to favour one thing over another.
bias
the mindset in which one considers himself or herself to be the center of everything
egocentrism
the belief of having higher or better moral standards than other people.
self-righteousness
the act of claiming to have certain moral standards and beliefs while displaying behaviours and actions that prove otherwise
hypocrisy
defined as trying to save one’s reputation after making a mistake or trying to prevent others from noticing that a mistake has been made.
saving face
the discomfort that is felt when faced with a new beliefs or ideas that contradict pre-existing ones
cognitive dissonance
an opinion about a person, thing, or subject that is not based on critical thinking
prejudice
a generalized description given to members of a particular group
stereotype
a process in which individuals are trained to act in a manner that is deemed proper by society that they belong in
social conditioning
the act of following the standards that we observe in groups that we belong to
social conformity
a mindset or a point of view in which an individual judges the rest of the world based on the rules and values of his or her own social group.
sociocentrism
a mindset or a point of view in which an individual judges a certain ethnicity based on the rules and values of his or her own social group.
ethnocentrism
a type of bias in which our general impression of a person, especially a celebrity, irrationally affects our opinion of that person’s specific qualities.
halo effect
a belief or a practice that is based on the supernatural.
superstition
In Logic and Philosophy, what is a statement or series of statements
an argument
an error in an argument.
logical fallacy
10 common logical fallacies that you may encounter in real life:
- Ad hominem
- gambler’s fallacy
- False Dilemma or False Dichotomy
- hasty generalization
- straw man
- circular argument
- false analogy
- Non Sequitur
- post hoc fallacy
- slippery slope fallacy
a fallacy that is used to counter an argument by questioning the person who made the argument instead of the argument itself.
ad hominem
the incorrect assumption that because something is happening frequently in the past, it will happen again in the future
gambler’s fallacy
a fallacy in which only a limited number of choices are presented without considering others that may exist
False Dilemma or False Dichotomy
As the name implies, it happens when a conclusion or generalization is made without considering all the variables
hasty generalization
a fallacy in which one distorts or exaggerates an opposing argument
straw man
a fallacy in which the conclusion of the argument is also used as the premise. Basically, a circular argument goes like this “A is true because A is true”
circular argument
a fallacy in which one tries to prove a point by comparing it to something that may look similar but is not really logically connected
false analogy
a fallacy in which the conclusion does not follow the premise
Non Sequitur
falsely assumes that something that happened before an event is the cause of that event
post hoc fallacy
is the assumption that if an event occurs, other events, which are not logically connected, will inevitably follow.
slippery slope fallacy
