Week 6 and 7

Question 1

Why is posture and balance important

Answer 1

• Essential for all movement and our survival
  
  • Foundation for all movements - work, play, creativity, sport
  • Falls are the most prevalent cause of injury and death in older people

Question 2

two goals of postural orientation

Answer 2

1. Orientating body to its environment

Stabilizing equilibrium

Question 3

Define postural orientation

Answer 3

Orientation of trunk in space

Question 4

Define centre of mass

Answer 4

• Theoretical point at which the entire mass of the body is balanced

Question 5

Define equilibrium

Answer 5

Requires that the position of the vertical projection of the body’s centre of mass must lie within the base of support

Question 6

Define support base

Answer 6

Region bounded by the points of contact between body segments and support surface

Question 7

All forces act to accelerate… ?

Answer 7

the body at its centre of mass

Question 8

3 factors to staying upright during quiet stance

Answer 8

• Maintain COM within base of support
  
  • Skeletal alignment
  • Muscle regulation

Question 9

4 steps in quiet stance control

Answer 9

• Usually begins with muscular actions at base of support
  
  • Ankle joints are adjusted
  • Body moves like an inverted pendulum that is hinged at the ankles
  • Sway regulated by modulating ankle stiffness via muscle contraction

Question 10

explain ankle strategy

Answer 10

• Distal to proximal sequencing
  
  • Movement occurs at ankles, knees, & hips
  • adjustments occur both sides of body

Question 11

Explain hip strategy

Answer 11

• mainly proximal action.
  
  • simultaneous movement of hip, knee & ankle joints.
  • adjustments occur both sides of body.

Question 12

what are the 3 postural response types

Answer 12

Ankle strategy
hip
stepping

Question 13

what are the 4 reference frames

Answer 13

• visual contribution
  somatosensory contribution
  Vestibular contribution
  environmental cues

Question 14

Postural stability is influenced by… what

Answer 14

the integrity of the neuromuscular system as well as by environmental and task constraints

Question 15

Define age-related mculopathy (ARM)

Answer 15

• Common eye disease in older people

- Degeneration of macula at the back of the eye

Question 16

Vestibular system function

Answer 16

• Provides sense of linear and angular head motion

Question 17

Deficits of vestibular system

Answer 17

Dizziness

Motion sickness

Question 18

what two things provide directional information for balance control

Answer 18

Muscle spindles in lower leg

Cutaenous afferents in the plantar surface of the foot

Question 19

effects of peripheral neuropathy

Answer 19

• Reduced sensation from distal extremities
  
  • Delayed postural reactions
  • Increased body sway during quiet stance
  • Greater unsteadiness and predisposition to falling

Question 20

Diabetic neuropathy have an impaired ability to what

Answer 20

scale their postural response to both the velocity and amplitude of surface translations.