Week 12 Flashcards
Define skill
The ability to bring about predetermined results with the maximum of certainty, often with the minimum outlay of time, or energy, or both
What are the 4 components of learning and performance
- Learning has to be inferred through measures of performance
- “Learning curves”
- Floor and ceiling effects
- Warm-up decrements and “reminiscence” effects
4 characteristics of motor learning
- Fitts and Posner’s stage model
- Increased kinematic consistency
- Shift from closed-loop to open-loop control
- Use of earlier sensory information in ‘open’ skill
what are the 3 stages of Fitts and Posner’s stage s
- early or cognitive stage
- intermediate or associative stage
- final or autonomous stage
Learning is inferred from what
Changes in performance
What influences apparent extent and rate of learning
Choice of measure
two phases of motor learning
- Acquisition phase
- Transfer phase
Example of non-information feedback
Verbal encouragement
what is knowledge of the results feedback related to
outcome of the movement relative to the goal
What is knowledge of performance feedback related to
to the movements themselves
Define contextual interference effects
- Random or blocked ordering of two skills or two versions of the same skill
Advantages of blocked practice (in practice and performance)
n practice: Performance high, confidence high
In performance: Performance lower, confidence lower
Advantages of random practice (in practice and performance)
- In practice: Performance lower, confidence lower
- In performance: Performance high, confidence high
Define Schema Theory of motor learning
- the production of a movement pattern involves a generalized motor program, or GMP (i.e., a set of motor commands that is specified before movement initiation), that is retrieved from memory and then adapted to a particular situation.
What are the two problems of the Schema theory
Novelty problem
Storage problem
Define recall Schema
- The recall schema represents the relationship among the initial conditions, movement parameters (e.g., absolute time, absolute force), and movement outcome. It is used for movement production, specifically, to compute and select the appropriate parameters necessary to achieve the movement goal.
Define recognition schema
- A memory representation of the relationship
between a sensory consequences of a movement
and the movement outcome
what are the 3 prediction of the Schema theory
- Learning may occur without feedback once recognition schema is formed
- Variable practice enhances recognition schema formation - allows interpolation and extrapolation
- Evidence generally supports variability of
practice prediction, especially for children
