Week 12

Question 1

Define skill

Answer 1

The ability to bring about predetermined results with the maximum of certainty, often with the minimum outlay of time, or energy, or both

Question 2

What are the 4 components of learning and performance

Answer 2

• Learning has to be inferred through measures of performance
  
  • “Learning curves”
  • Floor and ceiling effects
  • Warm-up decrements and “reminiscence” effects

Question 3

4 characteristics of motor learning

Answer 3

• Fitts and Posner’s stage model
  
  • Increased kinematic consistency
  • Shift from closed-loop to open-loop control
  • Use of earlier sensory information in ‘open’ skill

Question 4

what are the 3 stages of Fitts and Posner’s stage s

Answer 4

1. early or cognitive stage
   
   2. intermediate or associative stage
   3. final or autonomous stage

Question 5

Learning is inferred from what

Answer 5

Changes in performance

Question 6

What influences apparent extent and rate of learning

Answer 6

Choice of measure

Question 7

two phases of motor learning

Answer 7

• Acquisition phase

- Transfer phase

Question 8

Example of non-information feedback

Answer 8

Verbal encouragement

Question 9

what is knowledge of the results feedback related to

Answer 9

outcome of the movement relative to the goal

Question 10

What is knowledge of performance feedback related to

Answer 10

to the movements themselves

Question 11

Define contextual interference effects

Answer 11

• Random or blocked ordering of two skills or two versions of the same skill

Question 12

Advantages of blocked practice (in practice and performance)

Answer 12

n practice: Performance high, confidence high

In performance: Performance lower, confidence lower

Question 13

Advantages of random practice (in practice and performance)

Answer 13

• In practice: Performance lower, confidence lower

- In performance: Performance high, confidence high

Question 14

Define Schema Theory of motor learning

Answer 14

• the production of a movement pattern involves a generalized motor program, or GMP (i.e., a set of motor commands that is specified before movement initiation), that is retrieved from memory and then adapted to a particular situation.

Question 15

What are the two problems of the Schema theory

Answer 15

Novelty problem

Storage problem

Question 16

Define recall Schema

Answer 16

• The recall schema represents the relationship among the initial conditions, movement parameters (e.g., absolute time, absolute force), and movement outcome. It is used for movement production, specifically, to compute and select the appropriate parameters necessary to achieve the movement goal.

Question 17

Define recognition schema

Answer 17

• A memory representation of the relationship
  between a sensory consequences of a movement
  and the movement outcome

Question 18

what are the 3 prediction of the Schema theory

Answer 18

• Learning may occur without feedback once recognition schema is formed
  
  • Variable practice enhances recognition schema formation - allows interpolation and extrapolation
  • Evidence generally supports variability of
    practice prediction, especially for children